㈠ 求 采矿方面的 英文文献及其中文翻译一篇
Coal mine waste water treatment and reuse technology Comparative Study
Digest：Introced the sewage and wastewater processing resources of the latest technologies and processes, analysis and comparison of the three kinds of process options to deal with coal mine waste water system investment and operating costs, and to explore the reverse osmosis water treatment technology in the coal mine waste water treatment application The technical and economic feasibility.Coal mine waste water treatment and reuse of the consolidated operating costs for the :2.185-2 .465 yuan / ton. One membrane of the processing costs as low as: 2.185 yuan / ton. Such prices on drought and water shortage in the Northwest region is very attractive. Of mine waste water recycling, not only can rece the amount of wastewater discharge, but also can make water resource, it should be said, it is a method of water resources in the hope of regeneration, but also our country to achieve sustainable use of water resources in an effective way to .
Key words: reverse osmosis electroplating wastewater recycling。
China's large population and uneven spatial and temporal distribution of freshwater resources, water resources and socio-economic development is not balanced; population growth has increased year after year the demand of water resources, instry's rapid development has become increasingly serious water pollution, thus creating a shortfall of water resources and water pollution are increasing.At present, China's prominent contradiction between water supply and demand, there are more than 300 cities short of water, of which there are 114 cities in serious water shortages. Water supply and demand in China in the 21st century the situation was very serious water crisis will become a question of resources in the most severe punishment of all issues. To resolve this problem, in addition to the scientific management of water resources and optimizing the assigned amount, the high-tech means to bring into full play the role of the use of water resources is also very crucial.
In recent years, China's annual volume of about 400-500 million sewage M3, treated emissions from only 15-25%, e to cross-flow of sewage everywhere, so that all our major sources of water proce different degrees of pollution, a serious deterioration of water environment 【】 .Therefore, to enhance wastewater treatment, so that not only the discharge standards but also to a large number of reuse, very necessary, which improve the water environment to ease the shortage of water resources, saving precious water resources are very important. Urban and instrial sewage has been the depth of treatment can be used for agricultural irrigation, instrial proction, urban landscape, Urban Green, life miscellaneous, groundwater recharge, and additional surface water in such applications as 【8】.Traditional water treatment technology can eliminate some air pollutants, the COD, BOD and heavy financial and other indicators of reced pollutant emission standards, or miscellaneous safety standards, but can not completely eliminate the drainage contained in the solubility of trace contaminants. Reverse osmosis membrane technology to thoroughly remove these pollutants to achieve the strict sense of the wastewater reclamation. Traditional treatment processes and membrane technology integration can be sewage or waste water into a different water quality standards for reuse water, or make it loop back to use, this would ease the contradiction between supply and demand, but also rece pollution, but also promote the development of environmental protection instry 【6】.
Sewage Wastewater Reuse Technology and Application Overview
The serious deterioration of water environment quality and the rapid economic development, and urgently requires a corresponding resource of sewage waste water technology. In this field of membrane separation technology occupies an important position and role. Membrane separation, as a high-tech in the last 40 years to develop quickly into the instrialization of the process of energy-efficient separation technology.Than 40 years, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, pervaporation, membrane contact and membrane reactions have been developed in energy, electronics, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, light instry, food and beverage instry and the daily life and environmental protection Dengjun wide range of applications received, resulting in significant economic and social benefits. The needs of the community to make membrane technology promised born, but also the needs of society to promote the rapid development of membrane technology to membrane technology innovation, technological progress, improve, and become a unit operation, to become integrated in the process of the key 【9】.
1.Continuous membrane filtration technology
Hollow fiber membrane e to large surface area membrane moles of the loading density, so compact equipment; this film made by spinning, simple process, so proction costs are generally lower than the other films: In the absence of support layer may reverse cleaning, exceptional stain resistance of some good cleaning agent on the oxidative tolerance to the emergence of a good film made in large-scale sewage treatment works, the application of hollow fiber membrane has a unique advantage 【7】.
CMF technology is the core of the high anti-pollution film, as well as compatible with membrane cleaning technology, which enables non-stop cleaning membrane cleaning, and thus to achieve a continuous treatment of liquid non-stop to ensure a continuous and efficient operation of equipment.
CMF is currently mainly used in large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant raw water the depth of the secondary settling tank treatment and reuse, desalination, or large-scale reverse osmosis pretreatment system. Surface water ground water purification, beverages, etc. to clarify the turbidity.
2.Membrane bio-reactor
Membrane bio-reactor is membrane separation technology and bio-technology combined with new technology. Used in the field of sewage waste water treatment using membrane pieces for solid-liquid separation, sludge or impurities interception return to the bio-reactor, handling the drainage of water through the membrane to form a sewage treatment membrane bioreactor system, The role of membrane moles is equivalent to conventional biological wastewater treatment systems in the secondary sedimentation tank 【4】.
MBR used in the film are flat membrane, tubular membrane and hollow fiber membrane, is currently mainly based hollow fiber membrane.
The MBR wastewater treatment, raw water sources have reached a very high water guidelines. This method is not limited to domestic wastewater treatment, MBR technology is also widely used in dyeing wastewater, scouring wastewater, meat processing, sewage water treatment systems. Another feature of MBR systems vary in size, the small device can be used for a family, large-scale installations daily processing capacity of up to tens of thousands of cubic meters.
3.Reverse Osmosis Technology
Reverse osmosis technology is the early 20th century, 60 developed a pressure-driven membrane separation technology. The technology is from seawater, brackish water desalination and developed, often referred to as "desalination technology." As the reverse osmosis technology has no phase change, component-based, process simple and convenient operation, accounting for small size, less investment, low energy consumption advantages to develop very rapidly. RO technology has been widely used in sea water, brackish water desalination, pure water, ultra-pure water preparation, chemical separation, concentration, purification, waste water resource and other fields. Projects throughout the electric power, electronics, chemicals, light instry, coal, environmental protection, medicine, food and other instries.
Water resource is incremental development of freshwater resources and the protection of the environment a al purpose. Inorganic series of wastewater treatment and seawater desalination of brackish water using the same equipment and have the more common process technology. RO can waste in copper, lead, mercury, nickel, antimony, beryllium, arsenic, chromium, selenium, ammonium, zinc ion removal addition to 90-99%.
At present, the reverse osmosis technology in urban wastewater treatment, a number of instrial waste water treatment application of the depth has been a high degree of attention, including water reuse, wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent from the depth of treatment, after primary treatment of instrial waste water depth of processing system to take high-quality fresh water. Many water-scarce countries in the Middle East, in the extensive use of reverse osmosis desalination technology, the introction of reverse osmosis technology technical processing secondary effluent, effluent quality up to TDS ≤ 80mg / L, the expansion of freshwater resources. Such as the Middle East, Australia, Singapore and other countries are examples of major projects in this area 【9】.
4.Integrated membrane process wastewater treatment methods
Integrated membrane process is ultrafiltration / microfiltration and reverse osmosis used in combination to form to meet the purpose of咱reuse wastewater treatment process.Ultrafiltration, microfiltration can be used as stand-alone high-level tertiary treatment method, is also an ideal pre-treatment process of reverse osmosis technology, anti-pollution ability, superior performance of ultrafiltration, microfiltration unit to replace the complex conventional treatment, and the water quality much higher than the three water indicators, not only can remove the sewage bacteria and suspended solids, the COD, BOD also have some effect but addition.In ultrafiltration, microfiltration after the use of reverse osmosis membranes, its traditional pre-wash cycle from 3-4 weeks to process more than six months, the membrane can prolong life for years to reach -6. Membrane integrated wastewater reclamation process has the system is stable, maintaining a small area of small, less use of chemicals, processes and operation of a simple and low cost.
Conclusion
Membrane Wastewater Treatment and Reuse of coal mine is technically entirely reliable, which has a successful experience.
With the rapid development of instry, water pollution, worsening water scarcity will become increasingly serious, instrial wastewater recycling will be referred to the agenda.
From the environmental perspective, recycling of waste water re-use of mine has a very important environmental significance.
Of mine waste water recycling, not only can rece the amount of wastewater discharge, but also can make water resource, it should be said, it is a method of water resources in the hope of regeneration, but also our country to achieve sustainable use of water resources in an effective way to .
Of membrane processes for coal mine wastewater and reuse, both technically and economically feasible, economic and environmental benefits are very significant.
References
Gang Shao. Membrane water treatment technology and engineering examples 【M】. Beijing: Chemical Instry Press, 2002.256 ~ 280.
Healy I, Binchois music. The water and use the net again. Beijing: China Building a Board Association, 1985.
【3】 Bella G. Liputaike. Environmental engineer with the book. Beijing: China Building Instry Society out of plates, 1987.
【4】 High from Kai. Membrane separation technology and water reuse 【m】 .2003 Beijing Water Forum papers .2003.9.
【5】 Feng Zhang, Xu Ping. Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration membrane and its application in wastewater treatment 【M】. Membrane Science and Technology ,2003,23:234-236.
【6】 Mayao Guang, Ma Bolin. Wastewater utilization of agricultural resources. Beijing: Chemical Instry Press, 2002.45 ~ 78.
【7】 Yao Zhichun. Wastewater treatment and reuse. Gansu Water Conservancy and Hydropower 1999.: 56 ~ 60.
【8】 LEI Le-cheng, etc., sewage back with new technology and engineering design. Beijing: Chemical Engineering Press, .2002:453 ~ 461.
【9】 Zhang Bao cases. Reverse osmosis water treatment application technology 【M】. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2004.281 ~ 295.
煤矿矿井废水处理回用工艺比较研究
摘要：介绍了污水、废水处理资源化的最新技术和工艺，分析比较了三种工艺方案处理煤矿矿井废水的系统投资和运行成本，并探讨了反渗透水处理技术在煤矿矿井废水处理中应用的技术经济可行性.煤矿矿井废水处理回用的综合运行费用为：2.185-2.465元/吨。其中膜法的处理费用最低为：2.185元/吨。这样的价格对干旱缺水的西北地区是很有吸引力的。对矿井废水进行回收再利用，不但可以减少废水排放量，又可以使废水资源化，应该说，它是一种水资源再生的希望方法，也是我国实现水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。
关键词：反渗透电镀废水处理回收利用
我国人口众多，淡水资源时空分布不均匀，水资源和社会经济发展不均衡；人口的不断增长又使水资源需求量逐年上升，工业的快速发展使水污染愈加严重，因此造成水资源缺短和水环境污染现象日趋严重。目前，我国水资源供需矛盾比较突出，全国有300多个城市缺水，其中有114个城市严重缺水。21世纪我国水资源供需形势非常严重，水资源危机将成为所有资源问题中最为严惩的问题。要解决这一难题，除水资源的科学治理和优化配量之外，充分发挥高新科技手段在水资源利用中的作用也是十分关键的。
近年来，我国每年排污水量约400-500亿M3，经处理后排放的仅15-25%，由于污水到处横流，使我国各大水源都产生不同程度的污染，水环境严重恶化【4】。所以，加强污水深度治理，使之不仅达标排放而且还可大量回用，非常必要，这对改善水环境、缓解水资源的不足，节约宝贵的水资源都是十分重要的。城市及工业污水经过深度处理后可用于农业浇灌、工业生产、城市景观、市政绿化、生活杂用、地下水回灌和补充地表水等方面的应用【8】。传统水处理技术能够消除部分污染物，将COD、BOD以及重金融等污染物指标降到安全排放标准或杂用标准，但无法完全消除排水中所含的微量溶解性污染物。采用反渗透膜技术可彻底去除这些污染物，实现严格意义下的污水再生。用传统处理工艺和膜技术集成，可将污水或废水变成不同水质标准的回用水，或使之循环回用，这样即缓解了供求矛盾，又减少了污染，还可促进环保产业的发展【6】。
污水废水资源化技术及应用简介
水环境质量的严重恶化和经济的高速发展，迫切要求有相应的污水废水资源化的技术。在这一领域中膜分离技术占有重要的位置和作用。膜分离作为一项高新技术在近40年来迅速发展成为产业化的高效节能分离技术过程。40多年，电渗析、反渗透、微滤、超滤、纳滤、渗透汽化，膜接触和膜反应过程相继发展起来，在能源、电子、石化、医药卫生、化工、轻工、食品、饮料行业和日常生活及环保领域等均获得广泛的应用，产生了显著的经济和社会效益。社会的需求使膜技术应允而生，也是社会的需求促使膜技术迅速发展，使膜技术不断创新、技术进步，完善，成为单元操作，成为集成过程中的关键【9】。
1.连续膜过滤技术
中空纤维膜由于比表面积大，膜组件的装填密度大，所以设备紧凑；这种膜因纺制而成，工艺简单，所以生产成本一般低于其它的膜：由于没有支撑层均可以反向清洗，非凡是一些耐污染性好，对氧化性清洗剂耐受性好的膜的出现，使得在大规模的污水处理工程中，中空纤维膜的应用有独特的优势【7】。
CMF技术的核心是高抗污染膜以及与之相配合的膜清洗技术，可以实现对膜的不停机清洗清洗，从而做到对料液不间断连续处理，保证设备的连续高效运行。
CMF目前主要用于大型城市污水处理厂二沉池生水的深度处理回用，海水淡化或大型反渗透系统的预处理。地表水地下水净化、饮料澄清除浊等。
2.膜生物反应器
膜生物反应器是膜分离技术和生物技术结合的新工艺。用在污水废水处理领域，利用膜件进行固液分离，截留的污泥或杂质回流至在生物反应器中，处理的清水透过膜排水，构成了污水处理的膜生物反应器系统，膜组件的作用相当于传统污水生物处理系统中的二沉池【4】。
MBR中使用的膜有平板膜、管式膜和中空纤维膜，目前主要以中空纤维膜为主。
生活污水经MBR处理后，生水水源已达到很高的水标准。此方法不仅限于处理生活污水，MBR技术也广泛地用于染色废水，洗毛废水、肉类加工污水等水处理系统。MBR系统的另一个特点是规模可大可小，小装置可用于一个家庭，大型装置日处理量可达数万立方米。
3.反渗透技术
反渗透技术是20世纪60年代初发展起来的以压力为驱动力的膜分离技术。该技术是从海水、苦咸水淡化而发展起来的，通常称为“淡化技术”。由于反渗透技术具有无相变，组件化、流程简单，操作方便，占面积小、投资少，耗能低等优点，发展十分迅速。RO技术已广泛用于海水、苦咸水淡化，纯水、超纯水制备，化工分离、浓缩、提纯，废水资源化等领域。工程遍布电力、电子、化工、轻工、煤炭、环保、医药、食品等行业。
废水资源化是有开发增量淡水资源与保护环境双重目的。无机系列废水处理与海水苦咸水淡化采用同类装并具有较多共性工艺技术。RO可使废液中的铜、铅、汞、镍、锑、铍、砷、铬、硒、铵、锌等离子脱除除90-99%。
目前，反渗透技术在城市污水深度处理，一些工业废水深度处理方面的应用受到了高度重视，包括中水回用，污水处理厂二级出水的深度处理，经初级处理后的工业废水深度处理制取优质淡水。中东不少缺水国家，在大量采用反渗透海水淡化技术的同时，引入反渗透技技术处理二级污水，出水水质可达TDS≤80mg/L，扩大了淡水资源。如中东地区、澳大利亚、新加坡等国都有这方面的大型工程实例【9】。
4.集成膜过程污水深度处理方法
集成膜过程是将超滤/微滤与反渗透结合使用，形成能够满足各咱回用目的的污水深度处理工艺。超滤、微滤可以作为独立的高级三级处理方法，也是反渗透过程理想的预处理工艺，抗污染能力强、性能优越的超滤、微滤单元代替了复杂的传统处理工艺，而且出水品质远高于三级出水指标，不但完全可以去除污水中的细菌和悬浮物，对COD、BOD也有一定的却除效果。在超滤、微滤之后使用的反渗透膜，其清洗周期由采用传统预处理工艺的3-4周增加到半年以上，膜寿命可延长到达-6年。膜集成污水再生工艺具有系统稳定、维护少、占地小、化学品用量少、流程简单和运行费用低等优点。
结论
煤矿矿井废水处理回用的综合运行费用为：2.185-2.465元/吨。其中膜法的处理费用最低为：2.185元/吨。这样的价格对干旱缺水的西北地区是很有吸引力的。
用膜法处理煤矿矿井废水并回用在技术上是完全可靠的，国内外都有成功经验。
随着工业的快速发展，水资源的污染日益严重，缺水现象会越来越严重，工业废水的回收利用将会提到议事日程。
从环境保护方面讲，对矿井废水进行回收再利用具有非常重要的环境意义。
对矿井废水进行回收再利用，不但可以减少废水排放量，又可以使废水资源化，应该说，它是一种水资源再生的希望方法，也是我国实现水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。
膜法处理煤矿矿井废水并回用，不但在技术上和经济上都是可行的，经济和环境效益都非常显著。
参考文献
邵刚.膜法水处理技术及工程实例【M】.北京：化学工业出版社，2002.256~280.
希利I，舒瓦乐.水的再净与利用.北京：中国建筑出板社，1985.
【3】贝拉G.利普泰克.环境工程师用册.北京：中国建筑工业出板社，1987.
【4】高从锴.膜分离技术与水资源再利用【m】.2003北京水务论坛论文.2003.9.
【5】张烽，徐平.反渗透、纳滤膜及其在废水处理中的应用【M】.膜科学与技术，2003，23：234-236.
【6】马耀光，马柏林.废水的农业资源化利用.北京：化学工业出版社，2002.45~78.
【7】姚志春.污水净化再利用.甘肃水利水电1999.：56~60.
【8】雷乐成等，污水回用新技术及工程设计.北京：化学工程出版社.2002：453~461.
【9】张葆宗.反渗透水处理应用技术【M】.北京：中国电力出版社，2004.281~295.
㈡ 采矿学的《采矿学》王青主编
书名：采矿学
作者：王青 史维祥等主编
ISBN：10位[7502425705] 13位[9787502425708]
出版社：冶金工业出版社
出版日期：2001-1-1
定价：￥39.80 元 绪论
第一节矿产资源、采矿及其在社会经济发展中的地位
第二节采矿技术的发展
第三节采矿学的研究内容
第一篇采矿基础
第一章矿床品位与储量计算
第二章岩石的力学性质及分级
第三章凿岩及其机具
第四章炸药与起爆方法
第五章井巷设计与施工
第二篇地下开采
第六章矿床地下开采基本概念
第七章矿床开拓
第八章矿床开拓方案选择
第九章矿床开采过程与采矿方法概述
第十章空场采矿法
第十一章崩落采矿法
第十二章充填采矿法
第十三章采矿方法选择
第三篇露天开采
第十四章最终开采境界的确定
第十五章露天开采程序
第十六章露天矿生产计算
第十七章露天矿床开拓
第十八章露天开采工艺第四篇矿山技术经济
第十九章技术经济学基础
第二十章矿山项目投资
第二十一章矿山生产成本
第二十二章投资项目经济评价
参考文献
㈢ 采矿学都有哪些科目
采矿工程
培养掌握现代化的采矿科学技术理论和生产管理知识的高级工程技术人才，采矿工程专业的主干学科是岩体工程力学、采矿学、工业工程学。学生通过学习岩体工程力学、采矿学、矿山压力及其控制、系统工程学、工业工程学、矿山通风与安全、工程经济分析、管理信息系统等一系列主要课程，具有从事矿区开发规划，矿山开采设计及生产管理的能力。
毕业生可在矿业类工矿企业及市政建设、交通、水利等部门的建设单位、设计院、研究院（所）、高等学校从事设计、研究及生产管理和教学工作。
学科主要有六个研究方向：
1.采场围岩控制
2.巷道围岩控制
3.采矿系统工程
4.开采方法及工艺
5.充填注浆材料与技术
6.露天开采及边坡工程
本专业培养目标为：培养具备固体矿床开采、设计与施工的基本理论和方法，具备采矿工程师的基本能力，能从事矿区开发规划，能在矿山等领域从事生产、设计、施工、科研及管理的高级工程技术人才。
本专业分为地下开采和露天开采两个方向：
1、地下开采方向（99人）
主要课程：该专业方向学生主要学习采矿、岩土工程力学基础、矿山通风与安全、矿业信息及计算机应用方面的基础理论和基本技术，专业核心课程有采矿学、材料力学、岩土力学、矿山压力及其控制、井巷工程、矿井通风与安全、采掘机械、电工技术与电子技术、地质学、矿业信息及计算机应用、现代企业管理。
就业方向：毕业生主要从事矿山开采、岩土工程、地下建筑工程等领域的设计、生产、施工、安全监察、科研、管理、矿业信息及计算机应用等方面的工作。
2、露天开采方向（14人）
主要课程：该专业方向学生主要学习露天采矿、岩石力学、土力学地基基础、露天矿运输设备、矿业信息及计算机应用方面的基础理论和基本技术，专业方向核心课程有露天矿设计原理、露天采矿工艺、露天采掘机械、采矿系统工程、边坡工程、地质学、电工技术与电子技术、矿业信息及计算机应用、现代企业管理等。
就业方向：毕业生主要从事露天矿山开采、岩土工程、基础工程等领域的设计、生产、施工、安全监察、科研、管理、矿业信息及计算机应用等方面的工作。
㈣ 北京科技大学采矿工程方面的教材：采矿学、矿床学、地质学、矿山岩石力学
你去北科图书馆的东门，进去右拐有个小书店，那有旧书，便宜，而且老板基本上知道用的哪些教材，祝你好运~~
记得选我的回答作为最佳回答哦~~
㈤ 采矿毕业设计
毕业设计(论文)是学生毕业前最后一个重要学习环节，是学习深化与升华的重要过程。它既是学生学习、研究与实践成果的全面总结，又是对学生素质与能力的一次全面检验，而且还是对学生的毕业资格及学位资格认证的重要依据。为了保证我校本科生毕业设计(论文)质量，特制定“同济大学本科生毕业设计(论文)撰写规范”。
一、毕业设计（论文）资料的组成A．毕业设计(论文)任务书；B．毕业设计(论文)成绩评定书；C．毕业论文或毕业设计说明书（包括：封面、中外文摘要或设计总说明（包括关键词）、目录、正文、谢辞、参考文献、附录）；D．译文及原文复印件；E．图纸、软盘等。
二、毕业设计(论文)资料的填写及有关资料的装订毕业设计(论文)统一使用学校印制的毕业设计(论文)资料袋、毕业设计(论文)任务书、毕业设计(论文)成绩评定书、毕业设计(论文)封面、稿纸（在教务处网上下载用，学校统一纸面格式，使用A4打印纸）。
毕业设计(论文)资料按要求认真填写，字体要工整，卷面要整洁，手写一律用黑或蓝黑墨水；任务书由指导教师填写并签字，经院长（系主任）签字后发出。毕业论文或设计说明书要按顺序装订：封面、中外文摘要或设计总说明（包括关键词）、目录、正文、谢辞、参考文献、附录装订在一起，然后与毕业设计(论文)任务书、毕业设计(论文)成绩评定书、译文及原文复印件（订在一起）、工程图纸(按国家标准折叠装订)、软盘等一起放入填写好的资料袋内交指导教师查收，经审阅评定后归档。
三、毕业设计说明书(论文)撰写的内容与要求一份完整的毕业设计(论文)应包括以下几个方面：
1．标题
标题应该简短、明确、有概括性。标题字数要适当，不宜超过20个字，如果有些细节必须放进标题，可以分成主标题和副标题。
2．论文摘要或设计总说明论文摘要以浓缩的形式概括研究课题的内容，中文摘要在300字左右，外文摘要以250个左右实词为宜，关键词一般以3～5个为妥。
设计总说明主要介绍设计任务来源、设计标准、设计原则及主要技术资料，中文字数要在1500～2000字以内，外文字数以1000个左右实词为宜，关键词一般以5个左右为妥。
3．目录
目录按三级标题编写（即：1……、1.1……、1.1.1……），要求标题层次清晰。目录中的标题应与正文中的标题一致，附录也应依次列入目录。
4．正文
毕业设计说明书(论文)正文包括绪论、正文主体与结论，其内容分别如下：绪论应说明本课题的意义、目的、研究范围及要达到的技术要求；简述本课题在国内外的发展概况及存在的问题；说明本课题的指导思想；阐述本课题应解决的主要问题，在文字量上要比摘要多。
正文主体是对研究工作的详细表述，其内容包括：问题的提出，研究工作的基本前提、假设和条件；模型的建立，实验方案的拟定；基本概念和理论基础；设计计算的主要方法和内容；实验方法、内容及其分析；理论论证，理论在课题中的应用，课题得出的结果，以及对结果的讨论等。学生根据毕业设计(论文)课题的性质，一般仅涉及上述一部分内容。
结论是对整个研究工作进行归纳和综合而得出的总结，对所得结果与已有结果的比较和课题尚存在的问题，以及进一步开展研究的见解与建议。结论要写得概括、简短。
5．谢辞
谢辞应以简短的文字对在课题研究和设计说明书（论文）撰写过程中曾直接给予帮助的人员（例如指导教师、答疑教师及其他人员）表示自己的谢意，这不仅是一种礼貌，也是对他人劳动的尊重，是治学者应有的思想作风。
6．参考文献与附录
参考文献是毕业设计(论文)不可缺少的组成部分，它反映毕业设计(论文)的取材来源、材料的广博程度和材料的可靠程度，也是作者对他人知识成果的承认和尊重。一份完整的参考文献可向读者提供一份有价值的信息资料。一般做毕业设计(论文)的参考文献不宜过多，但应列入主要的文献可10篇以上，其中外文文献在2篇以上。
附录是对于一些不宜放在正文中，但有参考价值的内容，可编入毕业设计（论文）的附录中，例如公式的推演、编写的程序等；如果文章中引用的符号较多时，便于读者查阅，可以编写一个符号说明，注明符号代表的意义。一般附录的篇幅不宜过大，若附录篇幅超过正文，会让人产生头轻脚重的感觉。
四、毕业设计(论文)要求
我校毕业设计(论文)大致有设计类、理论研究类（理科）、实验研究类、计算机软件设计类、经济、管理及文科类、综合类等，具体要求如下：
1．设计类（包括机械、建筑、土建工程等）：学生必须独立绘制完成一定数量的图纸，工程图除了用计算机绘图外必须要有1～2张（2号以上含2号图）是手工绘图；一份15000字以上的设计说明书（包括计算书、调研报告）；参考文献不低于10篇，其中外文文献要在2篇以上。
2．理论研究类（理科）：对该类课题工科学生一般不提倡，各院系要慎重选题，除非题目确实有实际意义。该毕业设计报告或论文字数要在20000字以上；根据课题提出问题、分析问题，提出方案、并进行建模、仿真和设计计算等；参考文献不低于15篇，其中外文文献要在4篇以上。
3．实验研究类：学生要独立完成一个完整的实验，取得足够的实验数据，实验要有探索性，而不是简单重复已有的工作；要完成15000字以上的论文，其包括文献综述，实验部分的讨论与结论等内容；参考文献不少于10篇，包括2篇以上外文文献。
4．计算机软件类：学生要独立完成一个软件或较大软件中的一个模块，要有足够的工作量；要写出10000字以上的软件说明书和论文；毕业设计(论文)中如涉及到有关电路方面的内容时，必须完成调试工作，要有完整的测试结果和给出各种参数指标；当涉及到有关计算机软件方面的内容时，要进行计算机演示程序运行和给出运行结果。
5．经济、管理及文科类：学生在教师的指导下完成开题报告；撰写一篇20000字以上的有一定水平的专题论文（外国语专业论文篇幅为5000个词以上。）；参考文献不少于10篇，包括1-2篇外文文献。
6．综合类：综合类毕业设计(论文)要求至少包括以上三类内容，如有工程设计内容时，在图纸工作量上可酌情减少，完成10000字以上的论文，参考文献不少于10篇，包括2篇以上外文文献。
每位学生在完成毕业设计(论文)的同时要求:(1)翻译2万外文印刷字符或译出5000汉字以上的有关技术资料或专业文献（外语专业学生翻译6000～8000字符的专业外文文献或写出10000字符的外文文献的中文读书报告），内容要尽量结合课题（译文连同原文单独装订成册）。(2)使用计算机进行绘图，或进行数据采集、数据处理、数据分析，或进行文献检索、论文编辑等。绘图是工程设计的基本训练，毕业设计中学生应用计算机绘图，但作为绘图基本训练可要求一定量的墨线和铅笔线图。毕业设计图纸应符合制图标准，学生应参照教务处2004年3月印制的《毕业设计制图规范》进行绘图。
五、毕业设计(论文)的写作细则
1．书写
毕业设计(论文)要用学校规定的文稿纸书写或打印（手写时必须用黑或蓝墨水），文稿纸背面不得书写正文和图表，正文中的任何部分不得写到文稿纸边框以外，文稿纸不得随意接长或截短。汉字必须使用国家公布的规范字。
2．标点符号毕业设计(论文)中的标点符号应按新闻出版署公布的"标点符号用法"使用。3．名词、名称科学技术名词术语尽量采用全国自然科学名词审定委员会公布的规范词或国家标准、部标准中规定的名称，尚未统一规定或叫法有争议的名称术语，可采用惯用的名称。使用外文缩写代替某一名词术语时，首次出现时应在括号内注明其含义。外国人名一般采用英文原名，按名前姓后的原则书写。一般很熟知的外国人名（如牛顿、达尔文、马克思等）可按通常标准译法写译名。
4．量和单位
量和单位必须采用中华人民共和国的国家标准GB3100～GB3102-93，它是以国际单位制（SI）为基础的。非物理量的单位，如件、台、人、元等，可用汉字与符号构成组合形式的单位，例如件/台、元/km。
5．数字
毕业设计(论文)中的测量统计数据一律用阿拉伯数字，但在叙述不很大的数目时，一般不用阿拉伯数字，如"他发现两颗小行星"、"三力作用于一点"，不宜写成"他发现2颗小行星"、"3力作用于1点"。大约的数字可以用中文数字，也可以用阿拉伯数字，如"约一百五十人"，也可写成"约150人"。
6．标题层次
毕业设计(论文)的全部标题层次应有条不紊，整齐清晰。相同的层次应采用统一的表示体例，正文中各级标题下的内容应同各自的标题对应，不应有与标题无关的内容。章节编号方法应采用分级阿拉伯数字编号方法，第一级为"1"、"2"、"3"等，第二级为"2.1"、"2.2"、"2.3"等,第三级为"2.2.1"、"2.2.2"、"2.2.3"等，但分级阿拉伯数字的编号一般不超过四级，两级之间用下角圆点隔开，每一级的末尾不加标点。
各层标题均单独占行书写。第一级标题居中书写；第二级标题序数顶格书写，后空一格接写标题，末尾不加标点；第三级和第四级标题均空两格书写序数，后空一格书写标题。第四级以下单独占行的标题顺序采用A.B.C.…和a.b.c.两层，标题均空两格书写序数，后空一格写标题。正文中对总项包括的分项采用⑴、⑵、⑶…单独序号，对分项中的小项采用①、②、③…的序号或数字加半括号，括号后不再加其他标点。
7．注释
毕业设计(论文)中有个别名词或情况需要解释时，可加注说明，注释可用页末注（将注文放在加注页的下端）或篇末注（将全部注文集中在文章末尾），而不可行中注（夹在正文中的注）。注释只限于写在注释符号出现的同页，不得隔页。
8．公式
公式应居中书写，公式的编号用圆括号括起放在公式右边行末，公式和编号之间不加虚线。9．表格
每个表格应有表序和表题，表序和表题应写在表格上放正中，表序后空一格书写表题。表格允许下页接写，表题可省略，表头应重复写，并在右上方写"续表××"。
10．插图
毕业设计的插图必须精心制作，线条粗细要合适，图面要整洁美观。每幅插图应有图序和图题，图序和图题应放在图位下方居中处。图应在描图纸或在白纸上用墨线绘成，也可以用计算机绘图。
11．参考文献
参考文献一律放在文后，参考文献的书写格式要按国家标准GB7714－87规定。参考文献按文中出现的先后统一用阿拉伯数字进行自然编号，一般序码宜用方括号括起，不用园括号括起。
打字不易，如满意，望采纳。
㈥ 小弟在做采矿毕业设计 急求一片3000字英文参考文献翻译
附录 1
井筒及巷道的支护
井筒的支护
在国外，很少使用砖、料石和铸铁井壁， 从前，几乎全用木支架，但现在混凝土和金属井壁使用量日增。 井壁的选择决定于围岩和水的条件，井筒的形式和材料的费用。
(1)木支架——直到最近，大多数方形的井筒还在用框形木支架支护井帮和分成隔间。.所用木料的尺寸和框距取决于所遇到的岩层情况。. 木支架缺点是费用高，强度低、寿命短，易引起火灾。在膨胀性岩层中，木支架损坏得慢，警告时间长。在大多数情况下，开始凿井时浇灌一个混凝土锁口以固定支架，为井筒木支架提供良好的基础。木框架一般用挂钩挂在上面的框架上，框架就位后插入支柱，拉紧挂钩，在井筒周围铺上背板。
(2)金属支护——有时用金属支架代替木支架。 通常与木背板配合使用。木背板可快速而高效地插入金属支架的翼缘中。金属支架若设计恰当其安装的速度和准确度均比木支架高，因为安装时金属支架可能螺栓连接，并且排列很整齐。
(3)混凝土井壁——现在，原形混凝土井壁使用日益广泛。 例如，在南非几乎100%的井筒采用圆形混凝土井壁。而且几乎所有井筒毫无例外地达到最高的凿井速度。 除了凿井速度快外，，还有许多其它优势。 圆形混凝土井壁做井筒指甲其强度系数最高，风流特性最好，与任何井壁形式相比其维护量最小。混凝土井壁容易拆除并改装成另一种提升布置方式，或改为风井而不影响围岩状态。这类井筒对涌水的控制或封堵容易的多。与大多数其他类型相比，这种井筒的事故较少，万一发生事故，修复也容易得多。在某些特殊的情况下，也采用方形或椭圆形混凝土做井壁的井筒。尽管方形井筒的成本与圆形或椭圆形相仿，但其强度不如圆形或椭圆形井筒。椭圆形井筒具有良好的强度系数，需要分开风流时采用这种形状。但起凿井费用比圆形的高。
(4 )喷浆或喷射混凝土井壁——有一些井壁采用喷浆或喷射混凝土井壁。这类井筒的罐道一般用锚杆固定。如果井筒完成后并能不需要罐道，那么凿井时可采用钢丝绳罐道。
巷道支护
过去，框形或多节木支架是大家熟悉的唯一支护井下巷道的方法。随着坑木的减少，宽翼缘型的出现，钢材，作为一种结构支护材料，迅速的取代了坑木。最近锚喷支护也列入矿山实用支护方式。不论锚杆还是喷射混凝土（包括喷浆及喷混凝土在内）一英尺巷道的支护费用一般比金属支架要低。有时两者同时采用，其费用也比金属支架省。
(1)金属支架——金属支架通常由两节组成，每节包括一条棚腿和半截拱。同样两节相对立好之后，在拱顶用螺栓对接。金属支架的尺寸取决于岩石的性质和地压。一般地说，小断面巷道采用4英寸或5英寸金属支架，间距为1.5—4英尺；中断面巷道采用5~6 英寸金属支架，间距为1.5—4英尺；大断面巷道采用6~8英寸金属支架，间距2~5英尺。对于全部采用锚喷支架的工程，只是在断层和严重破碎或软岩地带才需用金属支架。根据需要，金属棚子还必须铺以木档块及木背板。一个标准掘进班组架设一架金属棚子，需时20~40分钟。
(2 )锚杆支架——现在通用的能张紧的锚杆有许多多种，其主要区别在于，拧紧螺帽使锚杆张紧之前，在孔内固定锚头的胀圈结构的不同。最适合某种岩石的锚头形式要经常做试验来确定。软钢金属锚杆的直径至少应为1英寸，长度应为10英尺（巷道断面要足以允许使用这样长的锚杆）。安装锚杆时应认真研究岩石节理的规律。锚杆的布置要大致均匀有规律，使锚杆张紧之后能与围岩构成一个相似的拱形结构，以承受作用在巷道上的外部压力。在起拱线以上整个巷道顶板锚杆的平均间距在最小约12平方英尺/根，最大25或25以上平方英尺/根之间变化。由普通掘进班组安装锚杆时，一个标准掘进班组通常在30至40分钟内可安装锚杆，一个小时也许只能平均安装两根。
(3 )喷射混凝土——喷射混凝土或喷浆，这种把混凝土或砂浆直接喷到拱形巷道顶板岩石表面的方法正迅速地被公认是一种效率高而又经济的巷道支护方式。只要喷上的混凝土能附着相当时间达到初凝强度而不陷落，此方法在各类软、硬岩石或硬土上均可用。有许多促凝剂可到初凝。混凝土的喷射厚度为2~6英尺。干法喷射的效果通常比湿法好，因为可以喷、得厚一些，可以采用较大粒度的骨料（最大为0.75英寸），每台喷嘴的小时生产率较高（一个小时达5立方码）。喷射混凝土在经济上常具备的优点之一是可在装岩的同时，向巷道顶板喷混凝土，从而缩短完成整个“循环”所需用的时间。
木支架
掘进中也许需要支护巷道顶板和两帮的支架。传统的方法通常是掘进时先架设临时木支架，然后换成永久支架或衬砌。永久支架也可用坑木。
坑木作永久支架时应该很好地晾干并用防腐蚀剂处理。木支架不用专用的工具或设备就能方便地就地加工很快地架好，通过局部不良地层掘进时，用木材作临时支架，容易截割和加工，适应各种需要。
木棚是由几根坑木构成、横截巷道断面的支架。小断面巷道最常用的是三个构件组成的棚子，由一根顶梁（横梁或棚梁）架在两个棚腿上组成。棚腿倾斜度是每英尺1—1.5英寸，这样的斜度除非侧压力太大及底板松软，一般能防止棚腿底部向里推移。棚腿一般为硬木，圆形，小头的最小直径为5英寸。顶梁最小厚度一般为5英寸，宽度6—8英寸。背板一般厚2英寸，两帮和顶板上可铺也可不铺背板。
在膨胀岩层中两棚腿底部一般有“偏坡底撑”以防止棚腿移动，底板易隆起的地方，可采用反拱支架。巷道的悬顶（或顶板）如果做成拱形往往比较稳定，特别是在宽巷道中更是如此。只有顶板需要支护而两帮坚硬的地方，可以省去棚腿，拱梁则固定在起拱线处的梁窝中。支架木料的尺寸和棚架间距取决于巷道的断面和所需承受的压力。在膨胀岩层中，背板不要铺得太密，相邻背板之间应留一定间距，以释放低压。
装设木支架的常规工序和速度主要取决于支架在工作面后面应保持多近的距离。如果每进一个循环需要立即支护，那么架设支架就成为掘进循环的一部分。爆破后的第一道工序是撬落顶板上的浮石；在松软的地层中，利用前探梁、滑梁或类似的装置以支护最后一架棚子前面的顶板，以便装岩时保护工人。一个循环的矸石装完后，就架设新棚子，必要时用楔子固定并装上背板，并为新的循环安装好凿岩机。这种工序显然会减慢掘进速度，但是除非岩层条件太差需要才用前探板桩法或其他方法，一般坑木可标准化，并采用常规作业。作业开始之前，将所有材料和器材运到工作面，可加快速度；工人应携带整架棚子、角楔、木楔、背板和工具进入工作面。支护工作落后于工作面过远的地方，一般需要专业支架队。利用适当的工作台进行支架工作，可不影响掘进工作。如果采用移动式工作台，其台面有几架棚子长，其高度又能让矿车从底下通过，则对掘进工作会有好处的。
附录2
GROUND SUPPORT FOR SHAFTS AND TUNNELS
In the USA, brick, stone and cast iron shaft linings are rare; formerly, timbering was almost universal but concreting and steel framing are increasing in use. Choice of support depends on ground and water conditions, shape of shaft and cost of materials.
(1)Timber Sets——Until relatively recently, most rectangular shafts have used square-set timbering for ground support and compartment division .Size of the timber used and set spacing is dependent on ground conditions encountered .The disadvantages of timer sets are the cost, strength , short life and fire hazard involved. In swelling ground timbering fails slowly and with ample warning .in most cases , a concrete collar is poured at the start of a shaft to tie the sets in and provide a good bearing for the shaft-timbering installation .Timber sets usually are hung from the preceding set with steel hanging rods .After the set is in place , the posts are inserted and the hanging rods are tightened up . The lagging is placed in around the sides of the shaft.
(2)Steel Sets-Steel sets sometimes ate used instead of timber. Wood lagging generally is employed in conjunetion. The laggling can be placed in the web of the steel sket very quickly and effectivelt. Properly designed steel sets go in faster and more accuratelt than wooden sets, as they can be bolted together and lined up perfectly when assembled.
(3)Concrete Lining-Circular concrete-lined shafts are more and more used today. For example, in South Africa, almost 100% of the shafts installed are circular concretelined .Also almost without exception, the best sinking time is achieved. Besides the good sinking rate, there are numerous other advantages. The circular concrete section provides the greatest strength factor for ground support ,the best air-flow characteristics, and by far the lowest maintenance of any shaft type. It can be stripped easily and changed to another hoisting configuration, or to a ventilation shaft, without disturbing ground conditions. Water can be controlled or sealed off much easier in this type of shaft. There are fewer wrecks in this shaft than in most other types, and rehabilitation can be accomplished much easier if they do occnr. In some special cases concrete-lined shafts of a square of elliptical shape are used. Although the cost is similar, the square shaft does not have the strength of either the circular of elliptical. The elliptical shaft has a good strength factor and is used where split ventilation is required. It is, however, more expensive to sink than a circular shaft.
(4)Gunite or Shotcrete Lining——There have been some shafts sunk using gunite or shotcrete for wall support. The guides in this type of shaft usually are not required in the completed shafe, the rope guides could be used in sinking.
GROUND SUPPORT FOR TUNNELS
In former years, the square or segmented timber set was the only known method for supporting underground excavations. As timber become more scarce and wideflange steel shapes made their appearance, steel rapidly displaced timber as a structure-support material. More recently, rock bolting and pneumatically applied concrete have been added to the list of practical ground-support media. Either rock bolting or pneumatically applied concrete concrete usually cost less per linear foot of tunnel than steel ribs . Sometime the two are used together and still show a saving over steel ribs.
(1)Steel Rib Support-Steel rib sets commonly are fabricated in two pieces with the side leg and half of the arch in each piece. The two identical pieces are stood up and bolted together at a butt joint in the crown . Size of steel required will depend upon the nature of the rock and the pressure being exerted by the ground . Generally speaking, a small tunnel section will require a 4-or 5-in .rib with spacing of 1(1/2)to 4ft; medium-sized , 5-to 6-in. rib with spacing of 1(1/2) to 4 ft; large, a 6-to 8-in.rib with spacing of 2 to 5 ft. On a project where full utilization is being made of rock bolting and pneumatically applied concrete, steel rib supports need be used only in fault zones and through stretches of badly broken rock or soft ground. Supplementing the steel rib, timber blocking and lagging must be installed as required. A standard tunnel crew usually erects a set of steel in 20 to 40 min.
(2)Rock Bolting –A number of types of tensionable rockbolts presently are available , differing mostly in the arrangement of the expandable device which anchors the end of the bolt to the rock prior to applying the tension by tightening the nut. Experimentation frepuently is necessary to determine the type of anchor most suitable to a particular formation of rock. Mildsteel bolts should be at least 1 in. in dia and 10 ft long, provided the tunnel is large enough to permit insertion of rods of this length. Rockbolts must be installed with careful consideration for the jointing pattern of the rock.. They must also be installed in a more or less uniform and regular pattern so that when tensioned they will, with the surrounding rock,proce a homogeneous arch structure against the external stresses acting upon the excavation opening. Average spacing of the rockbolts, throughout the roof of the tunnel above the spring line, will vary from a minimum of about 12sq ft of rock per bolt to a maximum of 25 or more. When rockbolts are installed by the regular tunnel crew, a standard tunnel crew usually will install the bolts required for one full round of advance of 8ft in 30 to 40 min. If a two-man crew alone is installing bolts, they probably will average two bolts per hour.
(3)Pneumatically Applied Concrete—Shotcret or gunite, applied directly to the rock surface of the arched tunnel roof, is rapidly becoming accepted as an effective and economical means of ground support. It can be used in all types of fair to poor rock or firm earth provided the material will stand up without caving for a sufficient time to permit the sprayed concrete to gain its initial strength. Accelerating additives are which, when added to the concrete at the spray nozzle, will cause initial set to occur within 3to 10 min. after the mortar has been applied. The concrete is applied in thickness of 2to 6 in. Dry-process application usually proces better results than the wet process because it permits the placing of thicker layers, uses larger aggregates (maximum, 3/4 in.) and usually achieves a higher proction rate per hour per nozzle (to 5.0 cu yd. per hr). One of the economies which frequently can be achieved with pneumatically applied concrete reflects the fact that it can be applied readily to the tunnel roof ring the mucking cycle, thereby shortening the total time required to complete the “round”.
TIMBER SUPPORT
Supports for the tunnel roof and sides may be required while driving. Conventionally, temporary timbering is often used ring driving and replaced later by permanent supports or lining. Permanent supports may be of timber too.
For permanent support, timber should be well seasoned and treated with preservative. It is easily framed on the job and quickly erected without use of special tools or equipment. For temporary support, in local stretches of bad ground while advancing the heading timbers are readily cut and framed to suit requirements.
Timber sets comprises several timbers forming a framework across the tunnel section. The commonest form for narrow tunnels is the 3-piece set, consisting of a cap (crossbar or header) supported on two posts. The batter of the posts is 1 to 1.5in per ft, which is usually sufficient to prevent the bottoms of the posts. From pushing inward unless side pressure is excessive and the bottom soft. Posts are usually of hardwood, round, with small end 5-in minimum diameter. The minimum thickness of the cap is usually 5-in with width from 6 to 8 in. Lagging, usually 2 in thick, may or may not be set on the sides and top.
In swelling ground the timber set usually has :batter blocks” to prevent the displacement of the posts; where the bottom tends to heave, an inverted arch set may be used. The back (or roof) of the tunnel often stands better if arched, especially in wide tunnels. Where only the back requires support and the walls are strong, posts may be omitted and the arched timbers set in hitches out at the break-line of the arch. Size of timbers and interval between sets depend upon size of tunnel and pressures to be withstood. Swelling ground should not be close-lagged, but spaces left between adjacent pieces of lagging, through which pressure can be relieved.
Routine and speed of timbering depend largely on how close the timbering must be kept behind the face. If each round of advance must be supported at once, timbering becomes a part of the driving cycle. The first step after blasting is to scale the back; and , in loose ground, to hold the back ahead of the last set by forepoling, sliding booms or similar means, to protect men while mucking. After the round is mucked, the new set is erected, blocked in place and lagged if necessary, and the drills are set up for the new round. timbers can be standardized and a regular routine followed. Speed is gained by baving all materials and supplies at the face before work begins; timber for a compete set, blocks, wedges, lagging and tools, should be brought in with the crew. Where the timbering lags a considerable distance behind the face, a special timber crew is usually employed. With suitable scaffolding, work can proceed without interfering with driving operations. A movable scaffold, with a working deck several sets long and high enough to allow the tunnel cars to pass under it, may be advantageous.
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㈦ 采矿工程专业考研需要考什么科目都有哪些比较好的参考资料
武汉理工大学采矿工程专业2015年考研招生简章招生目录
专业代码:081901
考试科目
①101思想政治理论
②201英语一、
202俄语、
203日语（选一）
③302数学二
④827采矿学、
829矿物加工学（选一）
复试科目、复试参考书
复 试：
A、专业素质能力笔试：采矿学（含岩石力学、爆破工程）
B、专业外语能力笔试:科技翻译
同等学力考生加试科目：采矿学、 岩土工程
参考书目、参考教材
提醒：
武汉理工大学研招办官方不指定具体参考书，本参考书信息由武汉理工大学本专业部分研究生提供，仅供参考。
827采矿学
《固体矿物资源开发工程》张世雄 武汉理工大学出版社，2005
㈧ 我想学习下矿山开采流程及露天采矿的知识，谁能帮我介绍哪些书籍合适。 邮箱[email protected]
露天矿山建设主要包括勘探及建设立项阶段 、建设设计阶段 、矿山建设阶段。
露天矿山设计程序主要是：
1初步确定露天开采境界
2初步确定矿山生产能力
3初步确定矿山总图布置及外部运输
4初步确定开拓运输方式及装运设备类型
5具体进行开拓运输布线
6修改、调整并确定露天开采境界
7编制采掘进度计划，验证生产能力
8确定采剥设备数量及工艺参数
9具体进行总图布置及外部运输
采矿其实只有两门课《地下采矿学》《露天采矿学》其他的都是为这两个学科服务的。
我是高校采矿工程专业的教师，主要讲《露天采矿学》。希望对你有用。