Ⅰ 毕业设计有中英文摘要的部分怎么写啊
先写中文摘要，再把中文翻译成英文。推荐同时使用有道和谷歌，对比撰写。个人经验。
Ⅱ 在哪里找毕业设计的外文翻译！中英文都有的
(⊙o⊙)…网上免费的翻译都是机械翻译，错误一堆堆的！找个外语系的大神帮帮忙吧，完了请吃饭！
网上好像也有收费的翻译的！不过还是建议找人靠谱！
满意的话请采纳下！😊谢谢
Ⅲ 求毕业设计中英文翻译，土木路桥的3000字以上
土木工程路桥专业论文的写作格式、流程与写作技巧 广义来说，凡属论述科学技术内容的作品，都称作科学著述，如原始论著（论文）、简报、综合报告、进展报告、文献综述、述评、专著、汇编、教科书和科普读物等。但其中只有原始论著及其简报是原始的、主要的、第一性的、涉及到创造发明等知识产权的。其它的当然也很重要，但都是加工的、发展的、为特定应用目的和对象而撰写的。下面仅就论文的撰写谈一些体会。在讨论论文写作时也不准备谈有关稿件撰写的各种规定及细则。主要谈的是论文写作中容易发生的问题和经验，是论文写作道德和书写内容的规范问题。论文写作的要求下面按论文的结构顺序依次叙述。(一)论文——题目科学论文都有题目，不能“无题”。论文题目一般20字左右。题目大小应与内容符合，尽量不设副题，不用第1报、第2报之类。论文题目都用直叙口气，不用惊叹号或问号，也不能将科学论文题目写成广告语或新闻报道用语。(二)论文——署名科学论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立方法、实验操作、整理资料、归纳总结、撰写成文等全过程负责的人，应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。现在往往把参加工作的人全部列上，那就应该以贡献大小依次排列。论文署名应征得本人同意。学术指导人根据实际情况既可以列为论文作者，也可以一般致谢。行政领导人一般不署名。(三)论文——引言 是论文引人入胜之言，很重要，要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。要复习必要的文献、写明问题的发展。文字要简练。(四)论文——材料和方法 按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格，写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等，写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。这些按杂志 对论文投稿规定办即可。(五)论文——实验结果 应高度归纳，精心分析，合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精，去伪存真，但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍，更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据和不符合实验条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因，不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、同一时期的实验数据一并废弃，不能只废弃不合己意者。实验结果的整理应紧扣主题，删繁就简，有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文，可留作它用，不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。能用表的不要用图，可以不用图表的最好不要用图表，以免多占篇幅，增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代，不要随意丢弃。(六)论文——讨论 是论文中比较重要，也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局，抓住主要的有争议问题，从感性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理，而不要重复叙述实验结果。应着重对国内外相关文献中的结果与观点作出讨论，表明自己的观点，尤其不应回避相对立的观点。 论文的讨论中可以提出假设，提出本题的发展设想，但分寸应该恰当，不能写成“科幻”或“畅想”。(七)论文——结语或结论 论文的结语应写出明确可靠的结果，写出确凿的结论。论文的文字应简洁，可逐条写出。不要用“小结”之类含糊其辞的词。(八)论文——参考义献 这是论文中很重要、也是存在问题较多的一部分。列出论文参考文献的目的是让读者了解论文研究命题的来龙去脉，便于查找，同时也是尊重前人劳动，对自己的工作有准确的定位。因此这里既有技术问题，也有科学道德问题。一篇论文中几乎自始至终都有需要引用参考文献之处。如论文引言中应引上对本题最重要、最直接有关的文献;在方法中应引上所采用或借鉴的方法；在结果中有时要引上与文献对比的资料；在讨论中更应引上与 论文有关的各种支持的或有矛盾的结果或观点等。一切粗心大意，不查文献；故意不引，自鸣创新；贬低别人，抬高自己；避重就轻，故作姿态的做法都是错误的。而这种现象现在在很多论文中还是时有所见的，这应该看成是利研工作者的大忌。其中，不查文献、漏掉重要文献、故意不引别人文献或有意贬损别人工作等错误是比较明显、容易发现的。有些做法则比较隐蔽，如将该引在引言中的，把它引到讨论中。这就将原本是你论文的基础或先导，放到和你论文平起平坐的位置。又如 科研工作总是逐渐深人发展的，你的工作总是在前人工作基石出上发展起来做成的。正确的写法应是，某年某人对本题做出了什么结果，某年某人在这基础上又做出了什么结果，现在我在他们基础上完成了这一研究。这是实事求是的态度，这样表述丝毫无损于你的贡献。有些论文作者却不这样表述，而是说，某年某人做过本题没有做成，某年某人又做过本题仍没有做成，现在我做成了。这就不是实事求是的态度。这样有时可以糊弄一些不明真相的外行人，但只需内行人一戳，纸老虎就破，结果弄巧成拙，丧失信誉。这种现象在现实生活中还是不少见的。(九)论文——致谢 论文的指导者、技术协助者、提供特殊试剂或器材者、经费资助者和提出过重要建议者都属于致谢对象。论文致谢应该是真诚的、实在的，不要庸俗化。不要泛泛地致谢、不要只谢教授不谢旁人。写论文致谢前应征得被致谢者的同意，不能拉大旗作虎皮。(十)论文——摘要或提要：以200字左右简要地概括论文全文。常放篇首。论文摘要需精心撰写，有吸引力。要让读者看了论文摘要就像看到了论文的缩影，或者看了论文摘要就想继续看论文的有关部分。此外，还应给出几个关键词，关键词应写出真正关键的学术词汇，不要硬凑一般性用词。
Luqiao civil engineering specialty paper writing format, processes and writing skills, and whoever is for general discussion of the scientific and technological content, are called scientific works, such as original memoirs (paper), presentation, comprehensive report, progress report and literature review, commentary, monographs, assembly, textbooks and scientific literature, etc. But only the original works and presentation is original, major, first, involves the invention of intellectual property, etc. Other certainly also is very important, but are processing, development, application for specific purposes and object. Below is the only write papers about some experience. In the discussion paper writing isn't going to talk about the manuscript writing various regulations and rules. The writing is mainly about the problems occurred in writing and experience, is the content of moral and writing rules. According to the requirements of essay writing papers below the narrative structure sequence. (a) papers - subject, have scientific papers cannot "poems". Paper topic generally 20 words. Topic and content, size should as far as possible, do not set subtitle 1, 2 newspaper. With ZhiXu dissertation5 topic, no doubt, also cannot mark or scientific papers written advertisement or news topic. (2) papers - signature scientific papers should name and real work (unit. Main responsibility, belonging to reflect and to facilitate follow-up study later. Strictly thesis refers to the subject, demonstration, literature, design, build, test methods, material, operation, summarizes the whole written, should be responsible for the relevant problems can answer papers. Now people tend to work on all, it should contribute to the order. Papers should get signed consent. According to the actual situation of academic guiding people can be classified as the authors, also can generally. Administrative leaders generally don't sign. (3) papers - introction is fascinating, is very important to write well. A DuanHaoDe paper quotes can often make readers understand your job development and research direction in this position. To write papers LiTi basis, foundation, background, research objective. To review the necessary documents, indicate the problem. Simple words. (4) papers - materials and methods according to the regulations, write experiment object facts, animal and reagents and specifications, experimental method, the index, criterion, etc, the design of experiments, grouping and statistics methods. According to these regulations for paper submitted to the journal. (5) papers - experimental results should be highly inctive logical analysis, and elaborate display. Should the true and false, discards the dross and selects the essential, but not because they do not meet their intentions and subjective choice, more can't cheat. Not only in technology or instrument data from the period of instability in technology, fault or error data and doesn't accord with the experimental data from the condition can be abandoned. But must problems have been found in the original records then indicate the reasons, not in the treatment of normal and any disagreement. These data should be abandoned in the same condition, the same period of experimental data, not only with abandoned their not abandoned. Experimental results on track4 arrangement should, graceful, some data not suitable for this paper, can save it, don't do a piece to hard in the papers. Papers should be adopted professional term style. Use the table with graph, can not do the best don't use charts and avoid many pages of charts, increase typesetting difficulties. Wen, tables, graphs mutually repetition. The experiment by accident and special cases such as changes necessary, don't throw them away. (6) is discussed in the paper, paper, and also more important part of writing is difficult. With everything taken into consideration, seize the major should be controversial issues, from perceptual knowledge to rational understanding. To make an analysis of the experimental results, the reasoning, and do not repeat narrative experimental results. Should focus on the related literature at home and abroad to discuss with the result that his own opinions, especially should not avoid the opposite view. The paper discussed hypothesis can, in the development of ontology, but should be proper, can proper written "science" or "imagination". (7) papers, endnotes or conclusions should write clearly the conclusion of the paper reliable results, the conclusions. Write conclusive The paper should be concise, can literally text. Do not use "summary" ambiguous word. (8) papers - this is offering reference righteousness is an important papers, and existing problems of more. The paper lists reference purpose is to let the reader know the ins and outs of research propositions for search, also respect the previous work, for his work is accurate positioning. So here are both technical problems, and scientific moral problems. An essay in almost all necessary throughout the reference. This introction should be led to ontology is the most important and directly relevant literature, In the method should be adopted in the owner or reference method, Sometimes in the literature of the owner to comparative data, In discussions with the relevant papers should be led all kinds of support or conflicting results or views. All carelessness, don't check literature, Intentionally don't lead, itself, innovation, To tease others overinflate, The trivial, posturings practices are wrong. This phenomenon is now in many papers or see somewhat, it should be considered as the big fear the research workers. Among them, don't find missing important documents and literature, intentionally don't lead others denouncing others work or documents such mistakes is more apparent, easy to find. Some methods are compared, such as the lead concealed in the introction, it led to the discussion. It was originally you be the basis for an essay or put your papers, and the position of the second-best. And as research work is graally deep development, your work is always in the previous work on the foundation of the development. The correct method, this should be made to the subject, what this person in this basis and made what results in them, now I completed this based on a research. This is the realistic manner, this statement harming your contribution. Some of the papers, authors did not say so, but this did not make someone this term, and done ontology is someone without, I now. It is not realistic manner. So sometimes can deceive some unknown, but just outside the truth is a paper tiger chuo, professional, the reputation. Outsmart oneself, This kind of phenomenon in real life or not. (9) papers - thanks to the thesis guides, and provide special agents or equipment, sponsors and raised funds thanks all belong to an important proponent. Papers should be sincere thanks, true of, don't vulgar. Don't thank broadly, not only professor xie xie others don't. Thanks for essay before the agreed to be thanked LaDaQi, cannot ZuoHuPi. (10) -- the papers in 200 words or abstract: briefly summarized about full papers. Always put this paper. The paper should carefully compose and attractive. Let the reader looked like see the epitome of the paper, or see the paper will continue to see the relevant papers. In addition, still should give a few words, keywords should write the real key to academic vocabulary, don't YingCou general terms.
Ⅳ 急急急求钢结构中英文翻译3000字左右
钢结构住宅是十五期间我国将重点推广的项目，其具有强度高、结构尺寸小、自重轻、施工速度快，抗震性能好及工业化程度高的特点。本文首先介绍了钢结构住宅的发展现状及它的特点，然后对钢结构住宅的发展前景进行了分析和展望。
关键词：钢结构，钢结构住宅，发展前景
1 钢结构建筑及钢结构住宅发展现状
1.1 钢结构建筑的发展现状
改革开放以来，我国的钢产量有了很大的提高，特别是从1997年以后，我国的钢产量突破1亿吨，但我国的钢结构用钢量占总钢产量的比例仅为3%左右，而在钢结构用钢量中，建筑钢结构用钢量又仅占10%，这与我国作为产钢大国的地位是很不相称的，为此，国家外经贸委会同冶金部制定了在建筑工程中推广使用钢结构的一系列政策措施，鼓励建筑工程采用钢结构形式，争取在2010年建筑钢结构的用量达到总钢产量的6%。
2 钢结构住宅相比传统结构形式住宅的优势分析
2.1 钢结构住宅结构上的优势
2.1.1 能合理布置功能区间
利用钢材强度高的特点，设计可采用大开间布置，使建筑平面能够合理分隔，灵活方便，创造开放式住宅。而传统结构（砖混结构、砼结构）由于材料性质限制了空间布置的自由，如果开间过大，就会造成板厚、梁高、柱大，出现“肥梁胖柱”现象，不但影响美观，而且自重增大，增加造价，购房者在二次装饰时，经常由于自行改变墙体位置，增加隐患。
2.1.2 钢结构住宅空间利用率高
在空间使用率上，钢结构的断面小，与钢筋混凝土结构相比可增加建筑有效面积8%左右。在建筑风格上，钢结构建筑也更显灵活丰富，户内空间可多方案分割，可以满足不同用户的需求。
2.1.3 自重轻、抗震性能好
相同建筑面积的建筑楼层，钢结构自重轻，根据比较，六层轻钢结构住宅的重量，仅相当于四层砖混结构住宅的重量。而且钢材具有延性，能比较好的消耗地震带来的能量，所以抗震性能好，结构安全度高。
2.2 钢结构住宅经济性优势
2.2.1 施工方便、工期短
钢结构构件，可以实行工厂化生产，现场安装。由于现场作业量小，对周围环境污染少，同时，施工机械化程度高，加快了施工速度。根据统计，同样面积建筑物，钢结构比砼结构工期可缩短1/3，而且可节省支模材料。
2.2.2 综合造价低
由于自重轻，基础费用降低，总体用料减少，直接成本降低，建设工期短，间接费又可减少，所以综合造价低。
2.2.3符合住宅产业化和可持续发展的要求
钢结构适宜工厂大批量生产，工业化程度高，并且能将节能、防水、隔热、门窗等先进成品集合于一体，成套应用，将设计、生产、施工一体化，提高住宅产业化的水平。
另外，钢材报废后可实现100％废品再回收利用，所以称“钢结构建筑”为“绿色建筑”毫不为过，它是适应我们人类可持续发展战略的新型建筑形式。
3 钢结构住宅发展阻力（颈瓶）分析
3.1 社会认可度
钢结构住宅的发展面临的首要问题是整个社会对这种新住宅体系的接受需要一个过程。轻钢结构住宅体系是在国外尤其是北美地区木结构住宅的基础上发展起来的，这两种体系虽然在国外已经十分成熟和完善，但是对于我国来说却完全是新东西，因而各种困难几乎无处不在。中国的消费者由于长期以来住惯了砖混或钢筋混凝土结构的住宅，从慢慢开始接受到逐步喜欢轻钢结构住宅，也需要一个渐进的过程。
3.2发展钢结构住宅技术上还不够成熟
钢结构体系住宅成套技术，由于过去缺乏技术引导，市场需求没有达到产业化程度，因此，我国的相关产品功能性单一，工业化程度不高，产品质量还不能满足住宅产业化标准的要求。目前，该技术零散而不系统，技术水平及标准参差不齐，不配套，需进一步研究创新并进行整合。
此外，在建材和部品方面，目前建造轻钢结构试验工程所需材料许多要从国外运来，甚至有些由外商在中国大陆委托加工的部件，往往也只能到国外去采购，在国内市场上一时还找不到。这也制约了钢结构住宅的发展和推广。
3.3 专业技术人才缺乏
在人员方面，由于国内无论中等或是高等专业学校的教学内容中均少涉及轻钢结构住宅体系，因此我国建筑类专业的工程技术人员对这一体系知之甚少，而更加缺乏的是熟练技术工人，所以虽然这一体系单纯从技术层面上讲并无多少难度，但真正推行起来却往往缺乏得力的骨干。
3.4 工程造价问题
目前轻钢结构住宅在我国大陆的报价大约是同条件传统混凝土结构住宅的1.5倍左右，国内消费者近期还难以接受。然而这种价格在国外比起其它结构形式住宅的造价来说，却具有很强的竞争力，这也就是为什么轻钢结构住宅体系在国外能够蓬勃发展的原因。任何新技术的产生与发展都是与所处社会的技术经济背景相联系、相适应的，目前美、日、欧等发达国家和地区，人均GDP约为我国的40至50倍，劳动力价格约为我国的20至30倍，因此，符合产业化生产方式的轻钢结构住宅在发达国家远比我国更易被市场接受。而我国由于科技和生产力发展水平较低，劳动力价格便宜，尽管轻钢结构住宅的性能和舒适度较高，但其对于传统建筑形式住宅的竞争优势反倒不够明显。因而市场接受起来比较缓慢。
3.5缺乏有针对性的钢结构住宅规范及相应标准
我国的标准规范是针对几十年来大量使用的结构体系编制的，轻钢结构住宅体系此前在我国属于技术空白，所以不能满足我国现行强制性规范的某些条文。例如我国建国以后建造的建筑物多采用砖石和钢筋混凝土等耐火性能好的建筑材料，由此导致我国的《建筑设计防火规范》在材料选用方面似乎较国外苛刻，轻钢结构住宅难以满足其要求。这种与国内规范不衔接的状况，使轻钢结构住宅项目无论在工程报建阶段还是在工程验收阶段，都会遇到数不尽的障碍与麻烦。
3.6 钢结构住宅本身缺陷
钢结构防火能力差。经过防火处理的钢结构的耐火时间也只有2～3个小时，远远逊色于砖石和钢筋混凝土等耐火性能好的建筑材料。
3.7缺乏相适应的建筑管理模式
在建筑管理方面，我国现行的建筑管理模式与轻钢结构住宅这种工业化生产方式也不适应，我国加入WTO以后，国外许多住宅生产企业希望进入中国大陆市场，但是他们搞不清自己来到中国后应当申领什么资质，属于什么身份--设计单位？施工单位？集成商？还是制造商？
4 钢结构住宅发展前景展望
按发达国家的最低水平推算，我国钢结构用钢量至少有3600万吨的发展空间。在近期内，国家将大力发展钢结构建筑，力争每年建筑钢结构用钢将占全国钢材总产量的3％以上，年均钢材消费量为350万吨至400万吨；到2015年，将再翻一番，全国建筑钢结构用钢材占钢材总产量的6％以上，由此可见，钢结构住宅市场前景十分广阔。
4.1 适合建筑用的特种钢将不断涌现
随着我国钢铁企业冶炼技术的提高，为适应市场的需求，适合建筑用的特种钢必将不断的涌现，例如宝钢、武钢等钢铁企业成功开发的耐火耐候钢，它是通过合适的技术，使钢材含有特定的成分（如加钼等），使钢材的表观结构及金相组织发生变化，从而使钢材本身生成所需的耐火性和耐候性。多种新型建筑用钢的出现将大力推动钢结构住宅的发展。
4.2 国家将重点支持轻钢结构住宅的建设
轻钢结构住宅建设在我国才刚刚涉入，我国现在是一个产钢大国，年产量3亿多吨，发展钢结构住宅有很大的潜力。上世纪90年代，国家建设部和国家经贸委一致通过，将“轻型钢结构住宅建筑通用体系的开发和应用”作为我国建筑业用钢的突破点，并正式列入国家重点技术创新项目。这一举措为我国的钢结构发展奠定了基础。如今，由于国家的宏观调控作用，房市出现了前所未有的低迷，在这个时机推出钢结构住宅，利用钢结构住宅的优势来吸引市民目光，刺激消费，增加市场的购买力，有着事半功倍的作用。现在发展轻钢结构住宅正逢其时。
4.3 钢结构住宅建筑技术将不断发展
随着钢结构建筑的发展，钢结构住宅建筑技术也必将不断的成熟，大量的适合钢结构住宅的新材料也将不断的涌现，同时，钢结构行业建筑规范、建筑标准也将随之逐渐完善。相信不久的将来，钢结构住宅必然会给住宅产业和建筑行业带来了一场深层次的革命。
4.4发展钢结构住宅是我国住宅产业化的必由之路
住宅产业化是我国住宅业发展的必由之路，因为这将成为推动我国经济发展新的增长点。钢结构住宅体系易于实现工业化生产，标准化制作，而与之相配套的墙体材料可以采用节能、环保的新型材料，它属绿色环保性建筑，可再生重复利用，符合可持续发展的战略，因此钢结构体系住宅成套技术的研究成果必将大大促进住宅产业化的快速发展，直接影响着我国住宅产业的发展水平和前途。
5 结论
如果说钢筋混凝土结构的发展使施工从手工进入了机械化，那么钢结构的应用就将使住宅施工实现现代化，钢结构住宅将成为建筑现代化发展的一个重要标志。
“钢结构是环保住宅，钢结构符合可持续发展概念”——21世纪钢结构将占领广阔的建筑市场。在我国目前大力推广住宅产业化的时代背景下,钢结构体系必将成为住宅结构体系的主流。
Ⅳ 我急需一篇关于土木工程的中英文翻译论文 5000字 毕业用的
我毕业设计的时候翻译过英文论文，不过只有3000字，不知道行不行，如果需要给我发信息。
Ⅵ 求毕业设计中英文翻译5000字左右的文章
电子商务（Electronic Commerce，简称E-commerce）是在因特网开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器应用方式，实现消费者的网上购物、商户之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的商业运营模式。因特网上的电子商务可以分为三个方面：信息服务、交易和支付。主要内容包括：电子商情广告；电子选购和交易、电子交易凭证的交换；电子支付与结算以及售后的网上服务等。主要交易类型有企业与个人的交易(B2C)和企业之间的交易(B2B)及个人与个人之间的交易(C2C)等。JSP(Java Server Page)是基于Java语言但与平台无关的动态Web开发技术,有很高的运行效率,开发周期比较短,扩展能力比较强, 具有开放性、跨平台性、可扩充性和可重用性等特点。JAVABEAN是一种Java的类,通过封装成为具有某种功能或者处理某个业务的对象,可以通过嵌在JSP页面内的Java代码访问Bean及其方法。网上手机商城是基于JSP/JAVABEAN技术建立的一个WEB应用程序，分前台商品展示及销售、后台管理2部分，是一种典型的B2C电子商务模式，实现了电子商务的主要功能。
E-commerce (Electronic Commerce, is abbreviated as E-commerce) employs the way on the basis of the browser / server under the environment of Internet's open network, realize consumers' online shopping, online trade between the trade companies and a new kind of commercial operation modes paid by mails online. E-commerce on Internet can be divided into three respects: Information service, trade and paying. The main content includes: Electronic market conditions advertisement; The electron is chosen and exchange of trade, electronic trade evidence; Paying by mails and settling account and online service after sale,etc.. The main trade type is trade (C2C) of trade (B2B) and indivial and man-to-man bet between enterprises and personal trade (B2C) and enterprise,etc.. JSP (Java Server Page) is that dynamic Web based on that Java has nothing to do but with the platform develops technology, there is very high operational efficiency, development period is shorter, it is stronger to expand ability, have opening, step the platform, expandability and reusable characteristic. JAVABEAN is kind of a kind of Java, become through encapsulating and have a certain function or target of dealing with a certain business, can visit Bean and method in JSP page Java code inside through inlaying. The online mobile phone store is a WEB application program based on that JSP/JAVABEAN technology sets up, divide into 2 parts of goods show of the front desk and sale, back-stage management, It is a kind of typical B2C e-commerce mode, realize the main function of e-commerce.
“电子商务是21世纪经济增长的发动机” ，它不但在微观上影响企业的经营行为和消费者的消费行为，而且从宏观上影响到国际贸易关系和国家未来竞争力。本文针对电子商务在我国的发展现状，分析了在发展中存在的问题，提出相应的解决方法和建议，根据物力、财力和人才来发展我国电子商务，探索中国电子商务发展道路。
这里将从电子商务的内涵和特点以及电子商务现今发展状况和趋势两个方面概述电子商务，以对电子商务有直观的认识和理解。之后对我国电子商务的发展过程作简要回顾，从环境状况、行业和地区状况等方面对我国电子商务的发展现状作详细分析并表述电子商务在我国对外贸易中的地位和作用，分析在发展中存在的问题，如缺乏战略规划和政策支持上的不足、相应法律法规标准规范的滞后等。最后针对问题提出对策和建议，包括政府对策和对企业、个人的要求等等，并预测展望电子商务的发展趋势和方向，以期对我国电子商务的健康发展能起到一定推动作用。
"The electronic commerce 21 century economy grows engine",It not only in on microscopic affects the enterprise the management behavior and consumer's expense behavior, moreover from on macroscopic will affect the international trade relations and the country future the competitive ability. This article in view of the electronic commerce in our country development present situation, has analyzed the question which exists in the development, proposed the corresponding solution and the suggestion, according to the physical resource, the financial resource and the talented person develops our country electronic commerce, explores the China electronic commerce development path.
Here nowadays develops the condition and the tendency two aspects from the electronic commerce connotation and the characteristic as well as the electronic commerce outlines the electronic commerce, by will have the direct-viewing understanding and the understanding to the electronic commerce. Makes the brief review afterwards to our country electronic commerce developing process, from aspect and so on environment condition, profession and local condition makes the multianalysis to our country electronic commerce development present situation and indicates the electronic commerce in our country foreign trade status and the function, analyzes question which exists in the development, like lacks in the strategic plan and the policy support is insufficient, the corresponding legal laws and regulations standard standard lag and so on. Finally aims at the question to propose the countermeasure and the suggestion, including government countermeasure and to enterprise, indivial request and so on, and the forecast forecast electronic commerce development tendency and the direction, can play the certain impetus role by the time to our country electronic commerce health development .
摘 要]本文在概述电子商务中的隐私权与知情权及其保护问题的基础上，探讨了电子商务中隐私权与知情权的冲突问题，进而提出了解决二者冲突的原则及办法。
[关键词]电子商务 隐私权 知情权
电子商务是全球经济一体化背景下产生的一种全新的商业机制，具有高效率、无疆界、无时限和低成本等特点，受到全球各国政府和企业界的广泛重视，已成为21世纪初全球经济最大增长点之一。电子商务对现行的法律制度产生了巨大冲击，如本文将要探讨的隐私权和知情权从来就是一双对立的法学范畴，它们代表了不同方面的精神利益，而在信息时代的电子商务中，这两种权利的冲突则更加突出，所以我们有必要对电子商务中的隐私权与知情权进行探讨，并试图寻求协调二者冲突的办法。
1 电子商务中的隐私及其保护
(1)电子商务中的隐私权及其内容。
隐私权是自然人享有的对其个人的、与公共利益无关的个人信息、私人活动和私有领域进行支配的一种人格权。隐私权作为一项独立的民事权利已被许多国家的宪法和法律以及国际人权组织的文件所确认和保护。在我国，《民法通则》对隐私权原则地规定为公民的人格尊严受法律保护。最高人民法院的两项司法解释，将侵害他人隐私的行为认定为是侵害他人名誉权的一种行为。隐私权作为一种具体人格权，其基本内容主要包括隐私隐瞒权、隐私利用权、隐私维护权和隐私支配权等四项权利。
随着电子商务的迅猛发展，人们出于网络交易的需要，必须在网络上向各类经营者提供包括自己个人资料在内的隐私，而且消费者在网上的“行踪”，如个人所到访的网站、消费习惯、阅读习惯甚至信用记录等也常常在不知不觉中被记录下来。而这些个人资料又可能被收集者转售给其他商业组织。所以，在这种情形之下，人们对参与电子商务是否会暴露自己个人隐私十分关注 在电子商务中对隐私权的保护主要集中在3个方面。
①个人资料的隐私权保护。
②通信秘密与通信自由的保护 。
③个人生活安宁的保护。
abstract ] this article with to know the circumstances of the matter the power in the outline electronic commerce right of privacy and its in the protection question foundation, discussed in the electronic commerce the right of privacy with to know the circumstances of the matter the power conflict question, then proposed the solution two conflict principle and the means. [ Key word ] the electronic commerce right of privacy knows the circumstances of the matter the power The electronic commerce is one kind of brand-new commercial mechanism which under the whole world economic integration background proces, has the high efficiency, boundless characteristic and so on, does not have time limit and low cost, receives the global various countries government and the enterprise widely takes, has become at the beginning of for the 21st century one of global economy biggest growth. The electronic commerce has had the huge impact to the present legal system, if this article is going to discuss the right of privacy and knows the circumstances of the matter the power always is a pair of opposition legal science category, they have represented the different aspect spiritual benefit, but in information time electronic commerce, these two kind of rights conflict then is more prominent, therefore we have the necessity with to know the circumstances of the matter the power to in the electronic commerce right of privacy to carry on the discussion, and attempts to seek the coordinated two conflict the means. In 1 electronic commerce privacy and its protection (1) in electronic commerce right of privacy and its content. The right of privacy is the natural person enjoys to its indivial, indivial information, the personal activity and the private domain which has nothing to do with with the public interest carries on the control one kind of personality power. The right of privacy took an independent civil right already confirms by many national constitutions and legal as well as the international human rights organization's document and the protection. In our country, "General provisions of the civil law" stipulates to the right of privacy principle for citizen's personal dignity the legal protection. The Supreme People's Court's two judicial interpretation, will violate the other people privacy the behavior to recognize for will be violates the other people right of reputation one kind of behavior. The right of privacy took one kind of concrete personality power, its basic content mainly includes the privacy to conceal the power, the privacy use power, the privacy maintenance power and the privacy right to control and so on four rights. Along with electronic commerce swift and violent development, the people stemming from the network transaction need, must provide including the oneself indivial material in the network to each kind of operator the privacy, moreover consumer on-line "whereabouts", like indivial arrives the website, the expense custom, the reading custom credit record which visits and so on also frequently in unconsciously center is even recorded. But these indivial materials are possibly given by the collection resale other commercial organizations. Therefore, under this kind of situation, the people to participate in the electronic commerce whether can expose the oneself indivial privacy extremely to pay attention in the electronic commerce the protection mainly concentrates to the right of privacy in 3 aspects. (1) indivial material right of privacy protection. (2) correspondence secret and correspondence free protection. (3) indivial life peaceful protection.
Ⅶ 毕业设计中英文翻译主要研究什么方面
我可以好专心好
Ⅷ 钢结构设计图纸中英文字母代表什么含义
句子厂一点吧，光这个看不出
Ⅸ 跪求：3000字左右机械文章中英文对照（毕业设计论文翻译）在线等
你就找在线翻印吧,老师也没有闲情去看英语版本的