㈠ 最近写毕业论文，求一些有关汽车新能源发展的外文参考文献，有翻译好的更好，急需， 谢谢！！！！！！
外文参考文献怎么提供给你啊，至少留个邮箱地址吧，如果需要回复邮箱地版址即可，至于翻译得靠你权自己了，希望能帮到你，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我从文献资料中找也是很花时间的
㈡ 毕业论文文献翻译
有些词汇很常见，但在这里是什么意思还吃不太准，但已尽心翻译，供参考。
已成立一些商业企业来验证用户的数量与人口统计属性。这受到了需要证明“循环”的推动，尤其是当广告出现在网站上时更是如此。大多数讨论都集中在对信息的请求和个人之间的正确转换上。由于许多请求是来自同一个个人，所以只计数请求并不是处理广告营业额和曝光率的理想方法。我们的研究结果表明，对数据的完整性可能存在另一个威胁，那就是由自我利益方对计数的策略性操纵。完成这一操纵越便宜，信息下载计数提供得就越少。在目前互联网没有数据包收费和访问速度存在巨大差异的业务模式下，这种操纵是潜在的有利可图的。除非积极对此加以防止，否则这种能力可能会导致消费者的不信任，和本来可能对特定的网址或文件的价值很有用的指导作用的破坏。
㈢ 要写毕业论文的外文翻译，谁能帮我下载份纯英文文献，主要是关于汽车CAN总线策略分析的，我自己来翻译
汽车总线概述 1．汽车总线技术的发展 随着车用电气设备越来越多，从发动机控制到传动系统控制，从行驶、制动、转向系统控制到安全保证系统及仪表报警系统，从电源管理到为提高舒适性而作的各种努力，使汽车电气系统形成一个复杂的大系统。。这个方面的翻译我可以帮你
㈣ 求一篇关于汽车发展史的英文文献，写大学毕业论文用，要没人翻译过，纯英文的，至少在网上找不到翻译，一
到wikipedia搜 history of automoblie
㈤ 毕业论文中的文献翻译
隧道开挖的翻译论文 根据要求选用恰当的排列格式。
㈥ 求本科论文外文翻译，关于“汽车交通运输”方面的。最好是关于安全方面的。要求5000字左右
轮胎是汽车的重要部件之一，它直接与路面接触，和汽车悬架共同来缓和汽车行驶时所受到的冲击，汽车轮胎保证汽车有良好的乘座舒适性和行驶平顺性；保证车轮和路面有良好的附着性，提高汽车的牵引性、制动性和通过性；承受着汽车的重量，轮胎在汽车上所起的重要作用越来越受到人们的重视。 很早以前轮胎是用木头、铁等材料制成，第一个空心轮子是1845年英国人罗伯特·汤姆逊发明的，他提出用压缩空气充入弹性囊，以缓和运动时的振动与冲击。尽管当时的轮胎是用皮革和涂胶帆布制成，然而这种轮胎已经显示出滚动阻力小的优点。根据这一原理，1888年约翰·邓录普制成了橡胶空心轮胎，随后托马斯又制造了带有气门开关的橡胶空心轮胎，可惜的是因为内层没有帆布，而不能保持一定的断面形状和断面宽。 1895年随着汽车的出现，充气轮胎得到广泛的发展，首批汽车轮胎样品是1895年在法国出现的，这是由平纹帆布制成的单管式轮胎，虽有胎面胶而无花纹。直到1908年至1912年间，轮胎才有了显著的变化，即胎面胶上有了提高使用性能的花纹，从而开拓了轮胎胎面花纹的历史，并增加了轮胎的断面宽度，允许采用较低的内压，以保证获得较好的缓冲性能。 1892年英国的伯利密尔发明了帘布，1910年用于生产，这一成就除改进了轮胎质量，扩大了轮胎品种外，还使外胎具备了模制的可能性。随着对轮胎质量要求的提高，帘布质量也得到改进，棉帘布由人造丝代替，50年代末人造丝又被强力性能更好、耐热性能更高的尼龙、聚酯帘线所代替，而且钢丝帘线随着子午线轮胎的发展，具有很强的竞争力。 1904年马特创造了炭黑补强橡胶，大规模用于补强胎面胶是在轮胎采用帘布之后，因为在这之前，帆布比胎面在轮胎使用中损坏得还要快，炭黑在胶料中的用量增长很快，30年代每100份生胶中使用的炭黑也不过20份左右，这时主要在胎面上采用炭黑，胎体不用，现在已达50份以上。胎面中掺用炭黑以前，轮胎大约只行驶6000km就磨光了，掺用炭黑后，轮胎的行驶里程很快就得到显著的提高。现在一组货车轮胎大约可行驶10万km，在好的路面上，甚至可达20万km。 1913-1926年，因发明了帘线和炭黑轮胎技术，为轮胎工业发展奠定了基础。轮胎外缘的标准化，制汽车轮胎造工艺的逐渐完善，生产速度比以前提高了，轮胎的产量与日俱增。 随着汽车工业的发展，轮胎技术一直不断地改进与提高，如20年代初至30年代中期轿车胎由低压轮胎过渡到超低压轮胎；40年代开始轮胎逐步向宽轮辋过渡；40年代末无内胎轮胎的出现；50年代末低断面轮胎问世等等。许多新技术的出现都莫过于1948年法国米西林公司首创的子午线结构轮胎，这种轮胎由于使用寿命和使用性能的显著提高，特别是在行驶中可以节省燃料，而被誉为轮胎工业的革命，在这里简略介绍一下当今发展的主要几种轮胎特征。 子午线轮胎：这种轮胎的特点是帘布层帘线排列的方向与轮胎的子午断面一致(即胎冠角为零度)，由于帘线的这样排列，使帝线的强度能得到充分利用，子午线轮胎的帘布层数一般比普通的斜线胎约可减少40—50％。帘线在圆周方向只靠橡胶来联系。 子午线轮胎与普通斜线胎相比，具有弹性大，耐磨性好，可使轮胎使用寿命提高30—50％，滚动阻力小，可降低汽车油耗8％左右，附着性能好，缓冲性能好，承载能力大，不易穿刺等优点。缺点是：胎侧易裂口，由于侧面变形大，导致汽车侧向稳定性差，制造技术要求及成本高。 无内胎轮胎：无内胎轮胎与一般的轮胎不同之处在于没有内胎，空气直接压入外胎中，因此轮胎与轮辋间需有很好的密封。 无内胎轮胎在外观上和结构上与有内胎轮胎近似，所不同的是无内胎轮胎内壁上附加了一层厚约2—3mm的专门用来封气的橡胶密封层，它是用硫化的方法粘附上去的，当轮胎穿孔后，由于其本身处于压缩状态而紧裹着穿刺物，故能长期不漏气，即使将穿刺物拔出，也能暂时保持胎内气压。 无内胎轮胎胎圈上有若干道同心的环形槽，在胎内气压作用下，槽纹能可靠地使胎圈压紧在轮辋边缘上保证密封。安装无内胎轮胎的轮辋是不漏气的，它有着倾斜的底部和平匀的漆层。气门嘴直按固定在轮辋上，其间垫以密封用的橡胶衬垫。 无内胎轮胎有气密性好，散热好，结构简单，质量轻等优点。缺点是途中修理较为困难。宽断面轮汽车轮胎胎：随着汽车车速的提高，要求降低整车重心，改善操纵性能，这就要求提高轮胎的侧向稳定性和对路面的附着性能，以确保高速状态下的行车安全，这样低断面轮胎的出现就成为必然趋势。轮胎的断面高(H)与断面宽(B)的比值(H／B)是代表轮胎结构特征的重要参数，称之为轮胎的高宽比，也有人称之为扁平比。从上世纪20年代开始，轿车轮胎的外径减小了25％，轮辋直径减小了35％，轮胎和轮辋的宽度增加了将近一倍，轮胎的高宽比不断减小，轿车达0．5，赛车达0．4，特别是宽宽的轮胎与高级轿车匹配，更为美观大方。 汽车轮胎生产发展的历史表明，前50年主要是解决如何提高轮胎的使用寿命问题，近年来，由于汽车制造和交通运输部门对轮胎的要求日益苛刻，轮胎研究的重点转到轮胎行驶性能、安全性能、舒适性能和经济性能上来，总之，轮胎的发展总趋势是“三化”，即子午线化、无内胎化、低断面化。目前，轿车轮胎已实现了这“三化”，货车轮胎正在向这个方面发展。
Car tire is one of the important parts, which contacts directly with the road, and vehicle suspension work together to ease the car driving by when the impact of car tires to ensure good ride comfort and ride comfort; to ensure the wheel and road good adhesion, to improve vehicle traction, braking and passing ability; bear the weight of the car, tire in the car on the important role played by more and more attention. Long before the tire is made of wood, iron and other materials, the first hollow wheel is the 1845 British inventor Robert Thomson, and his flexible bag filled with compressed air in order to ease the movement of the vibration and shock. Although at the time of the tire is made of canvas with leather and glue, however, have shown that tire rolling resistance benefits. According to this theory, John Dunlop in 1888 made of hollow rubber tires, and then Thomas has created a hollow with a rubber tire valve switch, a pity because there is no inner canvas, can not maintain a certain cross sectional shape and cross section width . With the emergence of motor vehicles in 1895, the development of pneumatic tires widely, the first tire sample is emerging in France in 1895, which is made by the plain canvas of single-tube tires, although no pattern tread . Until 1908 to 1912, the tires have a significant change, that is, tread on the pattern has been to improve performance, thus opening up the history of the tire tread, and increase the tire section width, allowing a lower The internal pressure in order to guarantee access to good cushioning. 1892 British invented the cord Burley Mill, 1910 for the proction, this achievement addition to improving the quality of the tire to expand the variety of tires, but also to tire with the possibility of molding. With the improvement of the quality requirements of the tire, improved quality cord, cotton cord replaced by the artificial silk, rayon late 50's strong performance has been better, higher heat resistance of nylon, polyester cord replaced, and With the radial tire steel cord of development, and highly competitive. 1904, Matt created a carbon black reinforced rubber, large-scale reinforced tread compound for use in tire cord after because before this, canvas than the damaged tread in the tire much quicker, carbon black the amount of compound growth soon, 30 years of raw rubber per 100 parts of carbon black used in 20, but also about this time mainly in the tread on the use of carbon black, matrix do not, and now has reached 50 or more. Mixed with carbon black before the tread of the tire running only about 6000km on the finish, and mixed with carbon black, the tire mileage soon be significantly improved. Now a group of truck tires can run about 100 000 km, in good roads, and even up to 200 000 km. 1913-1926, the invention of the cord and carbon black for tire technology, tire laid the foundation for instrial development. Standardization of the outer edge of the tire, tire manufacturing process of the system graally improved, proction increased faster than before, increasing the output of tires. With the development of auto instry, tire technology has been constantly improving and improving, such as 20 in the early to mid 30 tire passenger car tire by the transition to ultra low-voltage low tire; of 40 years and graally began to tire rim to the width of the transition; 40 late Tubeless The emergence of the tire; 50 low profile tires came late and so on. Many new technologies are none other than the French in 1948, Mixi Lin pioneered the radial structure of the tire, this tire life and performance as a significant increase, especially in driving can save fuel, while hailed as a revolutionary tire instry , a brief introction about the current development of the main features of several tires. Radial Tire: The tire is characterized ply tire cord arranged in the direction of the radial cross section with the same (that is, fetal crown angle of zero), such as cord arrangement, so that the strength of God line to get full use of radial tires The cord layers generally higher than normal slash tires about 40-50% can be reced. Cord in the circumferential direction to contact the rubber alone. Radial tires compared to ordinary slash tires, great elasticity, abrasion resistance, can increase 30-50% tire life, rolling resistance, it can rece vehicle fuel consumption and 8%, good adhesion, good cushioning properties, carrying capacity, the advantages of easy to puncture. Disadvantages are: sidewall easy to rip, as the side distortion, leading to poor vehicle lateral stability, manufacturing requirements and costs. Tubeless tire: tubeless tires and tire general difference is that there is no inner tube, air pressure directly into the tire, so tire and rim between the need to have a good seal. Tubeless tire in appearance and structure of the tire with a tube approximation, the difference is that tubeless tires attached to the inner walls of 2-3mm thick layer of special rubber seal used to seal gas layer, which is curing methods adhesion up, when the tire perforation, e to compression of its own in the state of Jin Guo a puncture things, so that the long term do not leak, even if the puncture object pulled out, can temporarily maintain the air pressure inside the tire. Tubeless tire on a number of Road concentric ring groove in the tire under internal pressure, grooves can be reliably pressed to bead the edge of the rim to ensure sealing. Installed tubeless tire rim is not leak, it has tilted the bottom of the peaceful absorption of paint. Valve fixed directly on the rim, ring which sealed with a rubber mat liner. Tubeless tires have good air tightness, heat a good, simple structure, light weight and so on. Is more difficult way to fix shortcomings. Wheel car tire section width: With the increase in vehicle speed, to lower vehicle center of gravity, improving handling performance, which requires to improve stability and lateral tire adhesion on the road to ensure traffic safety under high speed, The emergence of such low profile tires, has become an inevitable trend. Tire cross section (H) and section width (B) ratio (H / B) represents the tire structure, an important parameter, called the aspect ratio tire, which was also described than flat. From the last century 20's, car tires outside diameter decreased by 25%, recing the rim diameter of 35%, tires and rims, nearly doubling the width of the tire aspect ratio continuously decreased, cars up to 0. 5, racing up to 0.4, in particular The wide tires and high-level car matches the more beautiful. Car tire proction history of the development shows that the first 50 years mainly to resolve the issue of how to improve the life of the tire, in recent years, automotive and transportation sector increasingly demanding on the tires, tire to tire of the key driving performance, safety performance, comfort and economic performance up, in short, the general trend of development of the tire is "three", that is, of Meridian, tubeless, low profile technology. At present, the car tire has achieved this "c" and truck tires are to development in this area.
㈦ 谁能给一篇有关汽车方面的英语文章 用于毕业设计外文翻译的
Cars in America(美国的汽车)
Cars in America
Cars are an important part of life
in the United States. The car made the United
States
a
nation
on wheels.
And
it helped to make the United States what it is today.
There are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United States. First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it. The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of transportation.
The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation. Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world. Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by planes. But it is too expensive to be used frequently.
The third reason is the most important one, though. The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular. Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a plane. They don't like to have to follow an exact timetable.And the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to have.
The decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for Americans. But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation. The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much gas.
美国的汽车
汽车是美国生活的重要组成部分。汽车使得美国成为轮子上的国家，它也帮助美国成为现在的样子。
汽车在美国如此盛行有三个主要原因。首先这个国家地域辽阔，而美国人喜欢在其间来回走动。汽车提供了最舒适最便宜的交通方式。
汽车如此盛行的第二个原因是美国从未真正发展过有效廉价的公共交通这一事实。美国的长途火车从未像世界上其它地方那么普及。如今飞机提供了空中服务的良好体系。但是飞机太贵了，不能频繁使用。
而第三个原因是最为重要的。
美国人的独立精神是使得汽车盛行的真正原因。
美国人不喜欢等公共汽车、火车甚至飞机。他们不喜欢必须遵循精确的时间表。汽车给予他们的自由正是美国人最想得到的。
汽油供给的减少已经给美国人带来了巨大的问题。但答案不是发展更大型的公交体系。真正的解决方式必须是一种新型的汽车，那种不需要使用很多燃料的汽车。
Car Pollution
Each year there is an increasing number of cars on the roads as millions of new cars are proced. One out of six Americans works at making cars, driving trucks, building roads or filling up gas. Americans couldn't live without cars!
Most Americans would find it hard to imagine life without a car. However, some have realized the serious problem of air pollution caused by cars. The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to health.
One way to get rid of the polluted air is to make a car without pollution. But to build a clean car is easier said than done. Progress in this field is slow.
Another way is to replace car engines with something else. Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric cars. Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model for us.
To prevent the world from being polluted by cars, we have to make some changes in our lives. Americans, for example, have to cut down on the number of their total cars.They are encouraged to use bicycles, which are thought to help keep the air clean.
But this change does not come easily. A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses down. Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of unemployment. Although cars have led us to a better life, they have also brought us new problems.
汽车污染
上路的汽车数量逐年增长，同时，每年都会生产出几百万辆新车。在美国，每六个人中就有一个从事与汽车相关的工作：造车、开车、修路、加油等等。
离开汽车，美国人无法生活!
大部分美国人简直无法想象没有车的生活会是什么样子。但是一些人也已经意识到汽车造成的空气污染已成为严重的问题。被污染的空气具有毒性，并且危害健康。
解决空气污染的方法之一就是制造无污染汽车。但是生产清洁汽车说来容易做来难。
目前，这一领域的进展十分缓慢。
另一个方法就是使用其他东西替代汽车发动机。发明家正在研制蒸汽汽车和电车。但是许多厂家认为我们可以使用的实用型汽车的诞生可能还需要几年时间。
要想阻止全球化的汽车污染，我们需要对自己的生活方式做出适当的改变。例如，在美国，需要缩减汽车总量。鼓励人们使用有助空气清洁的自行车。
但这种改变不能一蹴而就。一旦汽车工厂关闭，就会有大量工人失去工作。与失业相比，空气污染似乎就不再那么重要了。尽管汽车为我们带来了更加舒适的生活，同时，它也带来了新的问题。
㈧ 毕业论文里的文献翻译是什么
文献指的是写论文时你所参考的文章，一般有20到30个文献。我读英语专业，所以都是英文的。有同学让我帮忙翻译过摘要，也就是摘要是中英文的，你的文献翻译应该是将文献写成英文的。