㈠ 求写英文经济论文：Economic performance depends on effective government regulations, do you agree
我是卧龙岗读ets的~貌似跟我同班~网络都能搜到········
㈡ 经济类的英文论文
Half-way from rags to riches
Apr 24th 2008
From The Economist print edition
Vietnam has made a remarkable recovery from war and penury, says Peter Collins (interviewed here). But can it change enough to join the rich world?
Eyevine
Correction to this article
KNEES and knuckles scraping the ground, the visitors struggle to keep up with the tour guide who is briskly leading the way through the labyrinth of claustrophobic burrows g into the hard earth. The legendary Cu Chi tunnels, from which the Viet Cong launched waves of surprise attacks on the Americans ring the Vietnam war, are now a popular tourist attraction (pictured above). Visitors from all over the world arrive daily at the site near the city that used to be called Saigon, renamed Ho Chi Minh City after the Communists took the south in 1975.
Alongside the wreckage of an abandoned M41 tank another friendly guide demonstrates a dozen types of improvised booby-traps with sharp spikes that were set in and around the tunnels to maim pursuing American soldiers. The Vietnamese not only welcome the tourist dollars Cu Chi brings in, but are also rather proud of it. They feel it demonstrates their ingenuity, adaptability, perseverance and, above all, their determination to resist much stronger foreign invaders, as the country has done many times down the centuries.
These days Vietnam also has plenty of other things to be proud of. In the 1980s Ho Chi Minh's successors as party leaders damaged the war-ravaged economy even more by attempting to introce real communism, collectivising land ownership and repressing private business. This caused the country to slide to the brink of famine. The collapse soon afterwards of its cold-war sponsor, the Soviet Union, added to the country's deep isolation and cut off the flow of roubles that had kept its economy going. Neighbouring countries were inundated with desperate Vietnamese “boat people”.
Since then the country has been transformed by almost two decades of rapid but equitable growth, in which Vietnam has flung open its doors to the outside world and liberalised its economy. Over the past decade annual growth has averaged 7.5%. Young, prosperous and confident Vietnamese throng downtown Ho Chi Minh City's smart Dong Khoi street with its designer shops. The quality of life is high for a country that until recently was so poor, and its larger cities have retained some of their colonial charm, though choking traffic and constant construction work are beginning to take their toll.
An agricultural miracle has turned a country of 85m once barely able to feed itself into one of the world's main providers of farm proce. Vietnam has also become a big exporter of clothes, shoes and furniture, soon to be joined by microchips when Intel opens its $1 billion factory outside Ho Chi Minh City. Imports of machinery are soaring. Exports plus imports equal 160% of GDP, making the economy one of the world's most open.
All this has kept government revenues buoyant despite cuts in import tariffs. The recent introction of company taxes is also helping to fill the government's coffers. Spending on public services has surged, yet public debt, at an acceptable 43% of GDP, has remained fairly stable.
Having made peace with its former foes, Vietnam hosted Presidents Bush, Putin and Hu at the Asia-Pacific summit in 2006 and joined the World Trade Organisation in 2007. This year it has one of the rotating seats on the UN Security Council.
Vietnam's Communists conceded economic defeat 22 years ago, in the depths of a crisis, and brought in market-based reforms called doi moi (renewal), similar to those Deng Xiaoping had introced in China a few years earlier. As in China, it took time for the effects to show up, but over the past few years economic liberalisation has been fostering rapid, poverty-recing growth.
The World Bank's representative in Vietnam, Ajay Chhibber, calls Vietnam a “poster child” of the benefits of market-oriented reforms. Not only does it comply with the catechism of the “Washington Consensus”— enterprise, free trade, sensible state finances and so on—but it also ticks all the boxes for the Millennium Development Goals, the UN's anti-poverty blueprint. The proportion of households with electricity has doubled since the early 1990s, to 94%. Almost all children now attend primary school and benefit from at least basic literacy.
Vietnam no longer really needs the multilateral organisations' aid. Multilateral and bilateral donors together have promised the country $5.4 billion in loans and grants this year, but with so much foreign investment pouring in, Vietnam's currency reserves increased by almost double that figure last year. At least the aid donors have learned from the mid-1990s, when excessive praise discouraged Vietnam from continuing to reform, prompting an exos of investors. Now the tone in private meetings with officials is much franker, says a diplomat who attends them.
Vietnam has become the darling of foreign investors and multinationals. Firms that draw up a “China-plus-one” strategy for new factories in case things go awry in China itself often make Vietnam the plus-one. Wage costs remain well below those in southern China and proctivity is growing faster, albeit from a lower base. When the UN Conference on Trade and Development asked multinationals where they planned to invest this year and next, Vietnam, at number six, was the only South-East Asian country in the top ten.
The government's programme of selling stakes in publicly owned firms and exposing them to market discipline has recently gathered pace. At the same time the switch from a command economy to free competition has allowed the Vietnamese people's entrepreneurialism to flourish. Almost every household now seems to be running a micro-business on the side, and a slew of ambitious larger firms is coming to the stockmarket.
Much of the praise now being showered anew on the country is deserved. The government is well on course for its target of turning Vietnam into a middle-income country by 2010. Its longer-term aim, of becoming a modern instrial nation by 2020, does not seem unrealistic.
But from now on the going may get tougher. As Mr Chhibber notes, few countries escape the “middle-income trap” as they become richer. They tend to lose their reformist zeal and see their growth fizzle. A study in 2006 by the Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences concluded that further rections in poverty will require higher growth rates than in the past because the remaining poor are well below the poverty line, whereas many of those who recently crossed it did not have far to go.
The stench of corruption
The Communist Party leadership openly admits that the Vietnamese public is fed up with the endemic corruption at all levels of public life, from lowly traffic policemen and clerks to the most senior people in ministries. In 2006, just before the party's five-yearly congress, the transport minister resigned and several officials were arrested over a scandal in which millions of dollars of foreign aid were gambled on the outcome of football matches. The leadership insists it is doing its best to clean up, but a lot remains to be done.
Almost as bad as the corruption is the glacial speed of legislative and bureaucratic processes. Proposed laws have to pass through all sorts of hoops before taking effect, with endless rounds of consultations to build consensus. The dividing line between the Communist Party, the government and the courts is not always clear. The justice system is rudimentary. Lawyers have no formal access to past case files, so they find it hard to use precedent in legal argument.
The government is part-way through a huge project to slim the bureaucracy and streamline official proceres. It recently cut the number of ministries from 28 to 22. Yet for the moment the bureaucratic logjam is stopping the country building the roads, power stations and other public works it needs to maintain its growth rate. Nguyen Tan Dung, the prime minister, says that if growth is to continue at its current rate, the country's electricity-generating capacity needs to double by 2010. That seems a tall order, to put it mildly.
Soaring car-ownership is leaving the country's underdeveloped roads increasingly gridlocked. In an admirably liberal attempt to limit price distortions as oil surged above $100 a barrel, the government slashed fuel subsidies in February. But one effect will be to stoke inflation, already worryingly high at 19.4% in March. Bank lending surged by 38% last year as firms and indivials borrowed to speculate on shares and property.
The government is finding it much harder to manage an economy made up of myriad private companies, banks and investors than to issue instructions to a limited number of state institutions, especially as the public sector is currently suffering a drain of talent to private firms that are able to offer much higher pay.
What could go wrong
All this leaves Vietnam's continued economic development exposed to a number of risks:
• Rising inflation—which is hurting low earners in particular—and a growing shortage of affordable housing could create a new urban underclass among unskilled workers who have left the land for the cities. Combined with rising resentment at official corruption and the increasing visibility of Vietnam's new rich, this could cause social friction and bring strikes and protests, chipping away at the political stability that has underpinned Vietnam's strong growth and investment.
• Trade liberalisation and increased domestic competition will benefit some firms and farmers but hurt others—especially inefficient state enterprises. These could join forces and press the government to halt or even reverse the reforms.
• The slumping stockmarket or perhaps a property crash could cause a big firm or bank to fail. Given the country's weak and untested bankruptcy laws and financial regulators, the authorities may find it hard to deal with that kind of calamity.
• Natural disasters, from bird flu to floods, could cause chaos.
• The economy could come up against the limits of its creaking infrastructure and the shortage of people with higher skills. Jammed roads, power blackouts and the inability to fill managerial and professional jobs could all bring Vietnam's growth rate crashing down.
Vietnam has set itself such demanding standards that even if some combination of these factors did no more than push annual growth below 5%, it would be seen as a serious setback. The foreign minister, Pham Gia Khiem, notes that Vietnam's current growth of around 8-9% is lower than that in Asia's richest economies at the same stage in their development.
Despite the risks ahead, Vietnam has already provided the world with an admirable model for overcoming war, division, penury and isolation and growing strongly but equitably to reach middle-income status. This model could be followed by many impoverished African states or, closer to home, perhaps by North Korea. If it can be combined with graal political liberalisation, it might even offer something for China to think about.
㈢ 英文版经济论文
经济学家 杂志上多的是
㈣ 求助写经济论文，英文的
The economy of the United Kingdom is the sixth-largest national economy in the world measured by nominal GDP and seventh-largest measured by purchasing power parity (PPP), and the third-largest in Europe measured by nominal GDP (after Germany and France) and second-largest measured by PPP (after Germany). The UK’s GDP per capita is the 20th highest in the world in nominal terms and the 17th highest measured by PPP. The British economy comprises (in descending order of size) the economies of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The UK is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the European Union, the G7, the G8, the G20, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Bank, the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations.
㈤ 关于经济方面的毕业论文 格式要英文的 那种
现在毕业不好找工作
写文章也比较费时间
关于经济方面的
还是找一个专业的人帮你写
节省一个月的时间
可以好好去找下工作
推荐一下，希望可以给你点参考，他们是完成文章,满意再付费的.
加他为好友就行
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㈥ 英文论文的具体格式是什么
每个学校的要求的格式都是不同的
这个格式你学校的网址会有
或者你找指导老师要
实在不行，告诉我你的学校，你发给你
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）
3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。
每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
5、论文正文：
（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。
引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义,
并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。
（2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、
论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：
a.提出-论点；
b.分析问题-论据和论证；
c.解决问题-论证与步骤；
d.结论。
6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：
（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。
（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
㈦ 英文论文的详细格式
外国语学院英语论文格式规范(附样例)
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms
（题目：二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）
外国语学院 2001级英语教育
1030120011XX XXX 指导老师：XXX
（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字,加粗）,依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中）
【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of ……
（英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗；单倍行距.）
【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese
（英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“；”隔开,分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距.）
1. Introction
(顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行)
In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999).
(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法；另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)
2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms
In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:
(1) I don’t know.我不知道.
(2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人.
(正文中的例子以（1）,（2）…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)
…
3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms
3.1 The characteristics of English idioms
（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ,2., 3.,…；节的编号：1.1,1.2…,2.1,2.2…；小节的编号为：1.1.1, 1.1.2….小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如（i）,（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号,如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格,小四号字,加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格,小四号字,不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行,最后不加任何标点符号）
….
In conclusion, ….
3.2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms
….
Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):
(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.
(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.
….
3.2.1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms
…
(i) ….
….
(ii) ….
….
4. Conclusion
….
Bibliography (References) （小四号,加粗,后面不加任何标点符号）
Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.
常亮,“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] .《外国语文》,1993,4：44.
冯树健,“否定之否定新说”[J] .《英语辅导》,1998,6：11.
李光陵,“不完全否定浅析” [J] .《大学英语》,2000,30：30.
（论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序.夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献,各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序,不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；1.5倍行距；另外,与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
(以下内容单独一页)
汉英习语的对比研究
（题目：二号,黑体,加粗,居中）
【摘 要】 汉英的习语问题是个既简单有复杂……
……
……
（中文摘要：上空二行；题目采用黑体五号字,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,缩进2个汉字字符,方括号中的“摘要”两个字之间空一格；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号,采用楷体五号字,不加粗,单倍行距； 第二行起要顶格；字数约400字,约8-10行；）
【关键词】 习语；对比；英语；汉语
（中文关键词：题目采用黑体五号字,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,缩进2个汉字字符；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号,采用楷体五号字,不加粗,单倍行距；各单词之间用分号“；”隔开,分号之后不空格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距）
一、\x09基本格式：
论文只能打印在每页纸的一面上,不得打印在正反面上.论文纸的大小尺寸为A4纸打印.侧面装订.
二、题名页：
论文题名页上打印格式基本相近,中、英文对照,中文题目页在第一页,英文题目页在第二页.一般由顶部往下三分之一页处打印论文题目,论文题目都用大写字母,下隔八行打印论文调查者姓名、所属电大,再下隔八行视实际情况打上提交日期XX年XX月XX日以及课程名称：论文项目设计
上述各项内容都应打印在论文题名页的中间部位.
三、摘要及关键词页
摘要及关键词页上打印格式同论文题名页,中、英文对照,中文题目页在上,英文题目页在下.一般根据提要的内容多少安排打印.中文题目摘要采用宋体一号,加粗,摘要正文部分采用宋体,小四号.关键字题目部分采用宋体三号,加粗,关键字短语部分采用宋体,小四号.英文题目摘要采用Times New Roman字体,字号为一号,加粗,摘要正文部分采用Times New Roman字体,字号为小四.
四、致谢页
学员可以自选致谢页,一般不要求写中文.英文大标题采用Times New Roman字体,字号为一号,加粗,正文部分采用Times New Roman字体,字号为小四.
五、目录页
英文大标题采用Times New Roman字体,字号为一号,加粗,小标题部分统一采用Times New Roman字体,字号为三号,加粗.注意在右方注明对应的页号,中间虚线连接.
六、正文页
论文的正文需隔行打印,正文采用Times New Roman字体,字号为小四.大标题为Times New Roman字体,字号为三号、加粗字.副标题为Times New Roman字体,字号为三号、加粗.
七、尾注、参考文献页与附录页
尾注、参考文献页与附录页（大标题采用Times New Roman字体,字号为一号,加粗）正文部分如尾注、参考文献目录与附录可不必隔行打印,字体为Times New Roman小四.
㈧ 求一篇经济类的英文论文
U.S. dollars since 2000 on the substantial depreciation of major currencies. The substantial depreciation of the dollar increase in the global financial uncertainty, easy-to-inced financial risks. And the continuous depreciation of the dollar in the process, the rest of the world's major economies, monetary policy is also in trouble. First of all, this article analyzes the reasons for the depreciation of the dollar, and then to explore the world's major economies in the context of monetary policy choices and difficult challenges.
[Key words] dollar, the euro exchange rate, monetary policy
First, the U.S. dollar and the reasons for
Since 1999, the U.S. dollar against the euro exchange rate fluctuations larger. Generally speaking, before 2001, the U.S. dollar against the euro exchange rate was rising, but in 2002 after the dollar has fallen. Over the same period, the U.S. dollar against other major economies has been a drastic devaluation of the currency, the U.S. dollar on the 2001-2007 Japanese yen, pound sterling, the devaluation of the ruble rate was 4%, 28% and 19%; in July 2005 since China's exchange rate reform to In March 2008, the depreciation of the dollar against the yuan as much as 14%. The substantial depreciation of the dollar e to what? To study the great dollar exchange rate fluctuations of the reasons, it is necessary to briefly review the basic theory of exchange rate decision.
(A) the basic theory of exchange rate decision
PPP's basic view is that domestic and foreign currency exchange rate between the two countries depends on the purchasing power of the currency comparisons. To do the same theory, in a certain period of time, changes in currency exchange rates with the same period of time between the two countries price level changes in the relative proportion. In other words, countries with higher inflation rate would be devalued its currency. Through the years 1999-2007 and the U.S. dollar against the euro, British pound, Japanese yen and changes in the price index difference between the use of software Eviews return and found that the correlation coefficient is less than 0.15, so that exchange rate movements and price changes are not related to purchasing power parity against the U.S. dollar against the euro And other major currencies, exchange rate movements explain the lack of power.
Interest rate parity theory, the forward rate of spread by the interest rate difference between the two countries decided that the high interest rate currencies in the foreign exchange market must discount period, the period of low interest rates in the country foreign exchange market must be premium. But through the years 1999-2007 for the U.S. dollar against the euro, British pound, Japanese yen exchange rate and interest rate differences between the two countries, the use of software Eviews return and found that the correlation coefficient is less than 0.3, so that the U.S. dollar against the euro and other currency exchange rates and interest rate differences irrelevant, Interest rate parity does not hold water.
Assets said to be on the market since the 1970s Western scholars focus on capital flows in the analysis of exchange rates in the role of the theory of multiple collectively, including multi-En Buci (R. Dornbusch) overshoot of the model, Brown's (W. Branson) of the Portfolio Selection Theory, and so on. However, e to the euro zone's largest economies, Germany on January 1 has always been heavy management of the traditional inflation in the euro zone price changes in the level of short-term changes in the exchange rate does not reflect the long-term changes in the track, the multi-En Buci overshoot the model can not explain the U.S. Against the euro exchange rate fluctuations great; and Brown's main theoretical model applicable to small countries, the United States appears to be a major economic power that can not be applied.
Traditional theory can not explain the sharp fluctuations in the dollar, some scholars put forward the economic base determines the exchange rate of the theory in an attempt to verify the GDP growth rate and exchange rate fluctuations related differences. ECB Executive Jurgen Stark (2008) pointed out that the mid-1990s, U.S. labor proctivity growth has been ahead of the euro zone, and the United States and Europe have differences in labor proctivity, the expansion of the trend until 2006, before and after the euro zone to increase labor proctivity Catch up with the United States. Labor proctivity is the main driver of growth, from Table 1 can clearly see that the euro zone in 1999-2007 of 9 years, overall economic growth than the United States, of which only 2001 and 2007 annual growth rate higher than that of the United States, basically the same as in 2006 And the remaining 6 were significantly lower than in the United States. The U.S. dollar against the euro in addition to the exchange rate basically stable in 2001, 2006 and 2007 showed strong rapid decline in 2002-2004, however, the euro zone's economic performance is weak, the dollar also fell,
㈨ 英文论文写作格式和规范
一、英文论文的标题
一篇较长的英文论文(如英文毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英文论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。
就学生而言,如果英文论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。
二、英文论文提纲
英文论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、英文论文正文
有标题页和提纲页的英文论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
四、英文论文的文中引述
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英文论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英文论文参考文献）的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。
1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:
The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).
这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。
2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:
Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)
这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英文论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。
3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:
Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).
值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。
4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号)；点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:
Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).
5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:
Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).
圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线；规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字；其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。
6.如果英文论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:
Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).
Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15).
这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。
7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。
When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface, “The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).
这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格；圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写；21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。
五、英文论文的文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited,其格式须注意下列几点:
1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
2.目录页应视为英文论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。
3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。
4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。
Two or More Books by the Same Author Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats, Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.
引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名；各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。
An Author with an Editor Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B. Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.
本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth；如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:
Blackmur, Richard P.Introction. The Art of the Novel: Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner's, 1962.vii-xxxix.
如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):
Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery. London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi. A Multivolume Work
Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.
Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.
第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容；第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。
A Selection from an Anthology Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.” Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88.
被引用的英文论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英文论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。
Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.” Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.
报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3.3)；1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。
Arnold, Marilgn.“Willa Cather's Nostalgia: A Study in Ambivalance.”Research Studies Mar.1981:23-24,28.
月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月；23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。
Gorney, Cynthia.“When the Gorilla Speaks.”Washington Post 31 July,1985:B1.
引用日报上的英文论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。