『壹』 求一篇翻译类论文的开题报告 英文的
United States Senate Committee on Appropriations
The United States Senate Committee on Appropriations is a standing committee of the United States Senate. It has jurisdiction over all discretionary spending legislation in the Senate.
The Senate Appropriations Committee is the largest committee in the U.S. Senate, consisting of 30 members. Its role is defined by the U.S. Constitution, which requires "appropriations made by law" prior to the expenditure of any money from the Treasury, and is therefore one of the most powerful committees in the Senate. The committee was first organized on March 6, 1867, when power over appropriations was taken out of the hands of the Finance Committee.
The appropriations process
The federal budget is divided into two main categories: discretionary spending and mandatory spending. Each appropriations subcommittee develops a draft appropriations bill covering each agency under its jurisdiction based on the Congressional Budget Resolution, which is drafted by an analogous Senate Budget committee. Each subcommittee must adhere to the spending limits set by the budget resolution and allocations set by the full Appropriations Committee, though the full Senate may vote to waive those limits if 60 senators vote to do so. The committee also reviews supplemental spending bills (covering unforeseen or emergency expenses not previously budgeted).
Each appropriations bill must be passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the president prior to the start of the federal fiscal year, October 1. If that target is not met, as has been common in recent years, the committee drafts a continuing resolution, which is then approved by Congress and signed by the President to keep the federal government operating until the indivial bills are approved.
『贰』 请问,我要写《中英思维模式的差异对翻译的影响》的开题报告,要怎么写提纲啊,研究方法等等,帮帮忙吧
你要写这个主题怎么一点儿头绪都没有呢?别人给你个提纲你能填进去内容吗?
初步感觉,提纲大致分为以下部分
一、绪论
为什么研究这个问题,国内外研究现状,研究的理论价值和现实意义
二、中英思维模式的差异
相关争论(有没有,什么样?);
三、在翻译上的表现(
具体的翻译差异,举例子——总结成条
四、对翻译教育的启示
研究方法就是文献研究吧,如果可能还可以用一下问卷调查(具体要看你的 思路)
『叁』 关于(中西方文化差异)英语翻译类论文开题报告
首先,思维与语言的关系犹如母与子的关系。先有人类思维后有语言、图画、音乐等外在表现形式。Language serves as dress of thought.Thoughts are always expressed by words
Without thinking,language would be meaningless?
那么,思维又是如何作用在语言形式上的呢?通过研究可知:思维---表现法---语言具体形式。
现在,我们就来简单分析一下中国人与西方人由历史渊源、地域特性及哲学与文化心理不同而导致的思维的根本差异。
中国自古以来就是传统的农业大国,即所谓“靠天吃饭”。农业、土地与民生息息相关,所以就形成了“天人合一”这一中国文化的精髓。即把人与自然视为和谐统一的整体,人类文化与天命自然统一。The Taoist notion Of following nature is closed related,as in other naturalistic movements,to the idea of fate.这种中国文化的最高境界使中国人习惯于崇尚自然、行于自然;不违天命、顺其自然的处世哲学和宿命论,即Let things remain as they are.而在人与天地万物协调共存的世界中,则存在着循环往复、生生不息的发展变化。美国人说这是moving in endless circles and repeating it over and over again。中国的儒家与道家哲学就深深体现了这种观点。如“道生一、一生二、二生三、三生万物,万物归于道”等,这就是汉民族的循回式思维方式,比如在语言表现法中有回环式: “人不犯我,我不犯人”,及递进式表达: “道高一尺,魔高一丈”。所以,中国人表达事物总是按时间和事理发展顺序由因到果、由先到后、由大到小进行阐述,这种思维模式可称为具体一般型表达(Particular-General Pattern)。习惯于问题解决型模式(Problem-solution Pattern),它们不仅在语言上如此,在文化艺术、经济活动中也都占有统治地位。也就是说中国人擅长具象思维。
西方人恰恰相反,他们一向将人与自然分隔开来,认为思维是独立于自然之外的客观事物,讲究“人物分立”,人能够通过斗争征服自然、改造自然。从美国前总统里根(Ronald
Reagan)说过的一句话之中我们就可见一斑:
I do not believe in fate that falls on us no matter what we do,but,1 do believe in fate that will fall on us if we do nothing.(我不相信,无论我们做什么,我们的命运都一样;但是我相
信,如果我们什么都不做,我们的命运是一样的。)
也就是说,He wants us to believe in the struggle,not in the fate.诸多此类象美国人热衷于job-hopping(跳槽),美国人的梦想便是being a self-made man from rags to riches。再比
如,从东方人与西方人做事的动因也可以发现:
The Chinese is always described as a person who does things because they have been done before.And the Americans a person who does things because they haven’t been done before.(中国人做一件事是因为这件事以前有人做过;美国人做一件事是因为这件事以前从未有人做过。)Americans love to try something new mostly because of a belief that newer maybe better.(美国人喜欢尝试新事物,很大程度上因为他们认为更
新的可能是更好的。)
通过研究可知,英语自莎士比亚时代以来有很大发展。英语被誉为理性语言,这与欧美哲学较早与改造、征服自然的科学技术相结合,特别是培根和洛克等一代启蒙哲学家恪守的客观形式化方法(即逻辑论证)很有关系。British people love science and technology because these fields of study bring the excitement of new discovery. (英国人热爱科学技术因为它能带来新发现,是改造自然、征服自然的最有力武器。) The love of change is closely tied to faith in improvement.培根思维精深周密;洛克的哲理明豁通达,对英语影响极深。“哲学思辩”(Speculative Philosophy)使他们将英语化为对人类经验(物理变化经验、感觉经验、价值经验)理性构建的精辟描述。从语言学角度来说,培根和洛克等一代理性主义哲学家实质上为英语作了科学规范,以至被称为: “King’s English'’。综上所述,我们不难理解:西方人的思维模式是一般具体型思维,擅长抽象思维,总是先概括后分解、先表态后叙述、先总结后事例、先整体后细节,由果到因、由小到大等。众所周知,地名的叙述便为一例。
由于中西思维模式的迥异,说话的语序就存在很大区别,所以中国式英语频繁出现。举例说明:
我原先打算七月一日去香港旅游,后来不得不取消,这使我很扫兴。
中国学生就常按中文语序脱口而出,使语义重心落在后面。实际上,按英语思维习惯应先概括,将语义重心放在前面,然后分解开来,所以应翻译成It was keen disappointment
that I had to cancel the visit l had intended to pay to Hong Kong On July 1St.
再看下面典型的例句:“在全球经济事务中,中国应继续保持一个积极而充满活力的力量,我坚信这是符合我国利益的。”
让我们看英语的语序:I strongly believe that it’s in the interests Of my countrymen that China should remain an active and energetic power in global economic matters.
由此可见,汉语是按时间顺序和逻辑发展关系由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到论证,而英语则相反。
简单句中英汉语序的对比:
中文:主语+时间状语+地点状语+方式状语+谓语+宾语
我每天早上在室外高声朗读英语
英文:主语+谓语+宾语+方式状语+地点状语+时间状语
I read English loudly in the open 一、引言
词是语句的基本单位,通常所说的话都是由一个个词构成(陆国强,1983年)。在某些人看来,学语言,如英语,就是把一个个的词、词组、短句学好,掌握其读音、拼写及意思,同时掌握一些基本语法,知道如何把一个个的词、词组及短语连接起来。掌握了这些,英语就学得差不多了。其实不然,如果我们只是把单词按字面意义串起来,而丝毫不懂有关文化背景知识,在实际运用中是行不通的。例如:
(1)英语中green with envy是什么意思?人们忌妒或羡慕时脸色真的变绿或发青吗?
(2)英语中说 Paul was in blue mood; Paul(保尔)是什么情绪?高兴、激动、悲哀,还是什么?
在上列两句中,green(绿)和 blue(兰)都不是指颜色,两个词都有别的意思--某种文化方面的联想--从字面上看这种意思不明显。在词典上,green 这个词有“(脸色)变绿”的意思,但green with envy是个固定词组,不过表示“十分妒忌”而已。blue这个词与mood之类的词连用表现某种情绪时,表示“沮丧的”、“忧郁的”,例2之意为“保尔情绪低落”。以上两个例子就涉及词的字面意义和联想内涵意义,这就是语言文化差异问题,在教学过程中发现许多学生在理解目的语(target language)时,遇到的障碍并非语言知识造成,而是由文化差异导致的。由此可见,在词汇教学中加强语言文化因素的对比显得尤为重要。
二、语言与文化
学语言的目的是为了交流。毫无疑问,词汇教学也要为这一目的服务。人类的交际不单是一种语言现象,也是一种跨文化现象。在教学中,要对两种交际文化进行对比,我们首先从文化谈起。
文化 culture一词是一个含义极其广泛的词语。它狭义指文学、音乐、美术等,而广义讲是一个社会学术语,按照社会学家和人类学家对“文化”所下的定义,我们所说的“文化”是指一个社会所具有的独特的信仰、习惯、制度、目标和技术的总模式。(邓炎昌,刘润清 1989年)
语言是文化的一部分,又是文化的载体和折射镜。透过一个民族的语言,可以窥见该民族绚丽多姿的文化形态。英语词汇作为英语中最活跃、最具生命力的组成部分,最能反映英美文化独特的魅力和内涵。学习英语词汇,实际上也是学习西方文化。对于在母语环境下学英语的中国人来说,应该了解在中西方不同文化背景影响下,英汉词语之间所存在的差异;从另一方面看,语言又受文化的影响,反映文化。可以说语言反映一个民族的特征,它不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景,而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和思维方式。
例如:
在汉语的文化氛围中,“东风”即是“春天的风”,夏天常与酷署炎热联系在一起,“赤日炎炎似火烧”、“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球,北温带,海洋性气候,报告春天消息的却是西风,英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节,常与“可爱”、“温和”、“美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天,Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate,学生能体会到莎翁的“爱”吗?
关于英汉习俗差异,最典型的莫过于在对狗这种动物的态度上。狗在汉语中是一种卑微的动物。汉语中与狗有关的习语大都含有贬意:“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”等,尽管近些年来养庞物狗的人数大大增加,狗的“地位”似乎有所改变,但狗的贬义形象却深深地留在汉语言文化中。而在西方英语国家,狗被认为是人类最忠诚的朋友。英语中有关狗的习语除了一部分因受其他语言的影响而含有贬义外,大部分都没有贬义。在英语习语中,常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如You are a lucky dog(你是一个幸运儿),Every dog has his day(凡人皆有得意日),Old dog will not learn new tricks(老人学不了新东西)等等。形容人“病得厉害”用as sick as a dog,“累极了”是dog-tired。与此相反,中国人十分喜爱猫,用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴,常有亲呢的成份,而在西方文化中,“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。
宗教信仰有关的习语也大量地出在在英汉语言中。佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史,人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切,与此有关的习语很多,如“借花献佛”、“闲时不烧香,临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家,特别是在英美,人们信奉基督教,相关的习语如Good helps those who help themselves(上帝帮助自助的人),也有Go to hell(下地狱去)这样的诅咒。英汉两种语言中还有大量由历史典故形成的习语,这些习语结构简单,意义深远,往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等等。英语典故习语多来自《圣经》和希腊罗马神话,如Achilles’ heel(唯一致命弱点)、meet one’s waterloo(一败涂地)、Penelope’s web(永远完不成的工作)、a Pandora's box(潘多拉之盒枣灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源)等。
三、中学英语词汇教学存在的主要问题。
中国人学英语大多数从初一开始,近年来才开始在部分小学或幼儿园开设英语课。从6年的中学英语学习过程中,笔者发现教师授课都存在一个普遍特征,那就是先教单词、短语,再讲授课文和做练习。对于单词的讲授无不遵循三个原则:音、形、义,其中“义”也仅仅停留在单词本身的字面意义上。而对于课文的讲授则过分强调语言规则,即一个个的单词是如何按照一定的语法规则组合成句子以及某些单词和短语在这个句子中充当什么成分。另外,对学生所掌握词汇的考核也仅仅停留在要求学生会读、会写以及会运用单词简单造句,对于文化知识或是自身缺少了解,知识面不够广博,或是以为文化知识对学习语言,对提高考试成绩无多大关系,因此往往一带而过,甚至干脆置之一旁。这种做法的弊端是显而易见的。绝大部分学生完成六年的英语学习,脑袋中也装满了单词和短语,可惜无法说出一个完整的句子,学到的仍然是“哑巴英语”。就是在中学英语新教材已经全面使用的今天,由于以上种种原因,虽然平时注意听、说训练,学生能够运用所学的词汇进行简单交流,但由于对语言差异问题缺乏了解,以至于词汇使用不当,出现诸如把“力大如牛”译成“as strong as cow”,把“凡人皆有得意时”译成“Every person has a happy day.”,把“挥金如土”译成“to spend money like earth”,产生交际方面的一系列错误。它们的正确形式为 as strong as a horse; Every dog has its day;to spend money like water。而以下的英语学生能理解其含义吗?如:as blind as a bat(有眼无珠), to rest on one’s oars(暂时歇一歇),to keep one’s head above water(奋力图存),all at sea(不知所措)等等。
四、中、英文化比较及英语词汇教学
1、字面意义和涵义
字面意义就是基本的或明显的意义。
词的涵义是词的隐含或附加意义。
从这个定义的解释看,对于学外语的学生来说,不仅要掌握词的字面意义,而且要知道词的涵义。不了解词汇涵义,会在语言上犯严重错误,有时误把好言当恶语,引起谈话者的一方或双方不快;有时误把嘲讽当称赞,被人暗笑。
如“peasant”一词,是“农民”之义,但外国人眼里不是“农民”之意。英语中的peasant与汉语中的“农民”所体现的意义并不完全相同,可能有不同的涵义,英语中的peasant是贬义。《美国传统词典》给peasant下定义:“乡下人、庄稼人、乡巴佬”,“教养不好的人、粗鲁的人”。《新编纬氏大学词典》:“一般指未受过教育的、社会地们低下的人”。在汉语中,“农民”指直接从事农业生产劳动的人,无论在革命斗争中或是在社会主义建设中都是一支重要的力量,丝毫无贬义。农民应译成farmer。
再如,politician 和statesman这两个英语词。Politician是“政治家”吗?反过来说,汉语中的“政治家”这个词应该怎样译成英语呢?有些略懂英语的学生译作politician,这是不合适的。Politician这个词在美国英语中,往往有很强烈的贬义色彩,引起别人的蔑视。它只为谋取个人私利而搞政治、耍手腕的人。这个词还有“精明圆滑的人”(smooth--operator)之义。指一个人做事和说话时,信心十足,非常老练。汉语“政治家”这个词应译为statesman,在英国英语和美国英语当中都很贴切,statesman主要表示善于管理国家的明知之士;人们通常把有威望的高级政府官员称为statesman。
事实上,中英两种语言在字面意和涵义上有以下的关系:
1)、字面意义与涵义相同或相似
(1) Look before you leap.三思而后行
(2) Burn one's boat.破釜沉舟
(3) Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁
(4) An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.以眼还眼,以牙还牙。
(5) to lose one's face, to save one's face丢面子,保面子
2)、涵义相似,字面意义不同
(1) The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.这山望着那山高。
(2) Nothing ventured, nothing gained.不入虎穴,焉得虎子
(3) That's a piece of cake.那是小菜一碟。
(4) As poor as a church mouse.一贫如洗
(5) Let sleeping dogs lie.切勿打草惊蛇
3)、涵义不同,字面意义相似
(1) to fish in muddy water(英语:形容多管闲事,自讨没趣)浑水摸鱼
(2) to make one's hair stand on end(英语:令人毛骨悚然)令人发指
(3) to blow one's own horn(英语:自我炫耀,自吹自擂)各吹各的号
(4) to lock the stable gate after the horse has bolted(英语意思是“太迟了”)亡羊补牢
4)、涵义与字面意义都不同
(1) Modest dogs miss much meat.(英语:谦虚的狗没肉吃。)满招损,歉受益
(2) Where there is fear there is modesty.(原为拉丁语格言:谦虚源于胆怯。)老王买瓜,自卖自夸(反讽)
(3) An excess of modesty obstructs the tongue.(英语:谦虚过分束缚舌头。)自知之明(赞誉)
2、日常谈话中的文化判别
见面打招呼
中国人在吃饭前后打招呼的常用语“吃(饭)了吗?”而美国人则用“Hello”或“Hi”等。如果不理解其涵义,美国人会认为,这种打招呼是说:“没有吃的话,我正要请你到我家去呢。”总之,这样打招呼在西方有时意味着邀请对方去吃饭。
再如,汉语中的“上哪去啊?”以及“到哪儿去啊?”这样打招呼的话直译成英语就是Where are you going?和Where have you been?用这两句英语来打招呼,大部分讲英语的人听了会不高兴,它们反应很可能是:It’s none of your business!(你管得着吗?)
英语国家人打招呼通常以天气、健康状况、交通、体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。
3、称呼语中的政治地位差异
无论在英国或是在中国,人们的政治地位及身份是有所差别的。不同地位、身份的人在日常的工作、生活中不可避免地会碰到一起,这就产生了不同地位、身份的人们之间的交际问题。中英称号不同:
王院长Principal Wang,刘军长Army Commander Liu,马经理 Manager Ma
这一点教材中都有时不注意,如:人教社JEFC教材Book 3 Lesson 14 The man upstairs中,出现过“I’m sorry to trouble you, comrade.”的道歉语。“comrade”是社会主义国家所特有的称呼,在英语国家称呼不知其名的陌生人常用Sir和Madam。如果我们和英语国家的人以comrade相称,他们将会感到莫明其妙。
在JEFC Book 3 Lesson 34 Uncle Wang’s Factory中,学生们称呼一位工人为“Uncle Wang”, 这也是中文思维套用英语的现象。汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向,常用于非亲属之间:年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”、“阿姨”;对平辈称“大哥”、“大姐”。但在英语中,亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“Uncle Smith”、“Auntie Brown”,对方听了会觉得不太顺耳。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓且后面不带姓,只带名,如“Uncle Tom”。
人教社JEFC Book 1中“What’s your name?”出现的频率相当高,但对于它在何种情况下使用却鲜有解释。实际上,英语国家的人在谈话时一般先介绍自己的名字,如“I am…”对方自然会即刻说出自己的姓名。即使在填写表格、面谈等场合需要问及姓名时,一般也只说“ Your name, please?”或“May I know your name?”或“How can I call you”等,如果使用“What’s your name?”,他们将有一种被审问的感觉。
又如学生知道teacher的含义是“老师”,也就相应地把“王老师”称为Teacher Wang。 其实,英语中teacher只是一种职业;汉语有尊师的传统,“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业,而成为一种对人的尊称。由于这种文化上的差异,造成学生的简单理解:王老师=Teacher Wang。此外还把汉语中习惯上称呼的“唐秘书”、“张护士”称为Secretary Tang, Nurse Zhang,英语国家的人听起来感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr., Miss, Mrs.等。
4、其它社交礼节上的不同
以please“请”为例。但是在某些场所却不宜用英语please。让别人先进门或先上车时,不说please,一般说:After you。但是初学英语的人常用You go first,这是不对的。在餐桌上请人吃饭、喝酒、或者请人抽烟时,一般用Help yourself(to sth.),也不用please.。
一般来说,我们中国人在家庭成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了,听起来会很怪,或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合,所有人之间,即使父母与子女,兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料,准备一桌美餐,对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合,不管别人帮你什么忙,你都要道一声“Thank you.”。这是最起码的礼节。
当别人问是否要吃点或喝点什么时(Would you like something to eat/drink?),我们通常习惯于客气一番,回答:“不用了”、“别麻烦了”等。按照英语国家的习惯,你若想要, 就不必推辞,说声“Yes, please.”若不想要,只要说“No, thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人含蓄和英语国家人坦荡直率的不同风格。
在英语国家,赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。赞美的内容主要有个人的外貌、外表、新买的东西、个人财物、个人在某方面的出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力(打扮)的结果,而不是她的天生丽质。因此赞美别人发型的很多,赞美别人漂亮头发的很少。对别人的赞美,最普通的回答是:“Thank you.”如:
A:Your skirt looks nice.
B:Thank you.
中国人初次见面问及年龄、婚姻、收入表示关心,而英语国家人却对此比较反感,认为这些都涉及个人隐私。如在JEFC Book 1 Lesson 16中有这样的对话:“How old are you, Mrs Read?”“Ah, it’s a secret!”为什么Mrs Read不肯说出自己的年龄呢?因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得精力充沛,青春永驻,对自己实际年龄秘而不宣,妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心的“你去哪儿?”(Where are you going?)和“你在干什么?”(What are you doing?)在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问或监视别人的话语而不受欢迎。
中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日(如New Year’s Day)外,双方还各有自己独特的节日,中国有the Spring Festival
『肆』 文学翻译的风格及其可译性论文的开题报告
D DDDD DDD
联系求求
一零一六四四二七九零
『伍』 急求英语专业关于翻译方向的毕业论文题目,开题报告,论文,给加高分哦~内容不要太过于大众化!
答辩后会评选优秀毕业论文,如果你想争取这个的话,最好选择语言学方向的内题目,因为语言学是比容较难的,写这个课题的人很少,大多数人选的都是翻译和文学方向。我毕业时写的是旅游景点名称的翻译问题及解决办法,个人认为这个题目是在翻译中不常见的,没想到书籍资料就不是很好找,有些网上扒来的导师不认可,还让亲自去找错误,所以题目一定要选对,不要给自己挖陷阱,选了题目上报之后再想改就没那么容易了。一般写翻译的都会用到翻译大师尤金奈达的翻译理论--功能对等,答辩的时候答辩组老师一定会问你这个问题,你要是不看这本书把理论吃透,答不好就可能被认为是抄袭。还有其他种种问题啊
『陆』 英语翻译论文论文开题报告怎么写
开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。
课题名称
An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese
试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异
课题来源
Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor
一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义)
Research Background:
A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture.
When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life.
Research Significance:
As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures.
二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向)
Research Status:
Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, e to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance..
Research Tendency:
21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality.
三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明,并阐明要达到的目标)
Research Contents:
A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms
1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified
1.2 Black Is Associated With Profit
1.3 Black Is Associated With the Black People
2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
2.1 Black Is Associated With the Death
2.2 Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate
2.3 Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful
2.4 Black Is Associated With Anger
B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms
1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky
1.2 White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty
2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms
2.1 White Is Associated With Death and Poor
2.2 White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid
C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms
1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 Red Is Associated With Honor and Love
2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
2.1 Red is Associated with the Obscenity
2.2 Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism.
2.3 Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss
D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms
1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Noble
1.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing
2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
2.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative
2.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease
Research Objectives:
I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture.
四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点)
With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality e to lack of the knowledge related.
五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点)
The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords.
六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排)
1. Nov.16th - Nov.22nd , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing
2. Nov.23rd - Dec.20th , 2008 Data gathering
3. Dec.21st - Jan.10th , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline
4. Jan.11th - Feb.8th, 2009 Literature review
5. Feb.9th - Mar.14th, 2009 First draft
6. Mar.15th - Apr.10th, 2009 Second draft
7. Apr.11th - Apr.20th, 2009 Final version
8. Apr.27th - May 14th, 2009 Printing
9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate
七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料)
[1] Baugh, A.C. & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
[2] Eckersley, C.E. Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979.
[3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Ecation, 1985.
[4] Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974.
[5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. U.S.A.: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997.
[6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. U.S.A.: Edward Arnold, 1989.
[7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981.
[8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
[9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
[10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Instry Press, 2007.
[11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》,2005,(7).
[12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002.
[13] 邓炎昌,刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1991.
[14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》,2002,(3).
[15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》,1997,(2).
指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见)
指导教师
年 月 日
系(教研室)审查意见:
系(教研室)主任:
年 月 日
『柒』 中英习语翻译比较的论文开题报告怎么写
可以搬忙做的哦。
日记、参观记、回忆录,以及一部分书信等。
侧重记事的论文,以叙述事情的发生、发展、经过和结果为重点,如《一面》。
侧重状物的论文,以状物为主,借象征抒怀,如《白杨礼赞》《石榴》《海燕》。