紅字的參考文獻

Ⅰ 《紅字》中象徵主義的運用——文獻綜述怎麼寫啊

紅字的文獻綜述
我給
你
密我

Ⅱ 為什麼知網查重引用的參考文獻里的內容都被標紅了

首先，引用算不算抄襲，與標注出處沒有任何關系，引用能不能檢測出來，與系統准不準確也沒有關系。所有這些都靠系統的閥值來決定。
中國知網對該套檢測系統的靈敏度設置了一個閥值，該閥值為3%，以段落（或章節）的字數來計算，單篇文獻低於3%的抄襲或引用是檢測不出來的，這種情況常見於大段文字中的小句或者小概念。舉個例子：假如檢測段落1（第一章）有10000字，那麼引用A文獻300字（10000乘以3%=300）以內，是不會被檢測出來的。若引用B文獻超過300字，那麼B文獻分布於第一章中的抄襲都會被紅字標注，不管位於第一章何處，即使打斷成句子，只要超過20字就會被標注。[1]實際上這里也告訴同學們一個修改的方法，就是對段落抄襲千萬不要選一篇文章來引用，盡可能多的選擇多篇文獻，一篇截取幾句，這樣是不會被檢測出來的。[2]
關於一些同學問引用的為什麼也算抄襲，這里主要是因為知網的閥值問題，高於3%的統一算抄襲，也就是說引用於抄襲的臨界就在3%之間。一旦你超標，即使你標注了引用也無濟於事。

[1] 這里所指的300字是一個大概值，並非臨界值。引用的數量越低，就越不容易被檢測出來。
[2] 更新以後的CNKI學術不端檢測系統將這一閥值調整到了3%，以前是5%，意味著檢測系統對引用的要求更加嚴格，但運用我們後面提到的方法也不是很難。

Ⅲ 《紅字》的論文範文，要求兩千五百字左右，論文形式，中文英文都可以

紅字》的象徵意義

關鍵詞：紅字 象徵主義 中國論文 職稱論文
摘要:分析了《紅字》中紅字「A」豐富而深刻的內涵,指出作者通過塑造「小珠兒」的形象,增強了美與丑,善與惡的對比,寄託了作者對愛的絕對自由的嚮往。關鍵詞:紅字;A Pearl;象徵主義
納薩內尼·霍桑是浪漫主義時期美國最具天賦的小說家。他開創了美國文學史上「象徵浪漫主義」的創作手法。作為生活在19世紀中期的浪漫主義作家,霍桑深受清教意識、超驗哲學和神秘主義三種思想的影響,他對社會充滿了懷疑,使得他的作品具有強烈的象徵主義傾向。長篇小說《紅字》是霍桑的代表作,作品以一通姦案為題材,通過描述小說人物的思想矛盾和生活遭遇來揭露黑暗的社會。霍桑在《紅字》中藝術技巧獨具匠心,特別是廣泛地運用象徵手法,像變魔術一樣給予平凡的單詞以不平凡的意義,給人以深刻的啟示。《紅字》中使用的象徵手法有其深刻的思想根源和美學理論基礎,體現了霍桑對「生命力受到壓抑」的切膚之痛。魯迅曾經指出「生命受到壓抑而生的苦悶懊惱是文學的根底,而其表現手法乃是廣義的象徵主義」。霍桑的代表作《紅字》正是在繼承傳統象徵意義的藝術手法的基礎上,開創了象徵主義的新篇章。作為小說名字的「紅字」貫穿於故事的全過程,並帶有不同的象徵含義,具有多義性和不確定性。隨著故事情節的發展,紅字「A」的內涵發生了由Alteress到Able再到Angle的變化。這種象徵的多義性和不確定性正是作者思想矛盾的反映,同時,作者一方面控訴清教對人性的摧殘和壓抑;另一方面又認同清教的道德觀和教義。《紅字》以17世紀北美清教殖民統治下的新英格蘭為背景,取材於1642—1649年在波士頓發生的一個戀愛悲劇。故事一開始的場景發生在該鎮監獄的門前,而這個場景的主角是海絲特·白蘭,一個年輕、美麗的女人,她懷里抱著3個月大的女嬰———珠兒,站在刑台上,等待政教合一的加爾文教(即清教)政權在大庭廣眾面前宣布對她的判決。那麼,受審的女罪犯是什麼人?她又犯了什麼罪?故事開始於幾年前,出身英國破落貴族家庭的白蘭嫁給了一個畸形的年老學者。婚後,兩人決定移居波士頓。途徑荷蘭時,丈夫因有事留下,妻子先獨自來到波士頓,一住近兩年。期間丈夫毫無音信。據傳他在趕來的途中被印第安人俘虜,生死不明。在獨居生活中,海絲特與當地牧師阿瑟·丁梅斯代爾相愛,生下了一個女嬰。顯然,她犯下了基督教「十戒」中的「一戒」,即通姦罪,為清教的教義所不容。她被投入監獄,法庭判她有罪,令她在刑台上站立三個小時當眾受辱,並終身佩帶一個紅色的字母A(英文通姦Altery的第一個字母)作為懲戒。但是作者霍桑賦予了在刑台上的「A」更深層的含義。對於壓抑人民和毒害人民思想的清教而言,紅字「A」為通姦的標記,事實上「A」不僅是海絲特深愛著的戀人Arthur Dimmesdale名字的第一個字母,也是法語中愛情Amour這個詞的第一個字母。從字里行間中,讀者可以品味出作者霍桑同情海絲特對愛的追求,甚至認為那是人的純真本性,筆下洋溢出對海絲特的贊美之詞:「斯特胸前紅色的「A」字之精美彷彿不是屈辱的標志,而是藝術飾品。這個紅色的「A」字是用細紅布做的,四周用金色的絲線精心刺綉而成,手工奇巧。對於這個「A」字,霍桑設計的獨具匠心,包含了豐富而華美的想像,配在她穿的那件衣服上真成了一件美麗的裝飾品」。文中的描寫給讀者的感覺是海絲特彷彿不是一個「犯下無恥罪行的犯人」,而是一個懷抱聖嬰的美麗端莊的婦人。隨著故事的發展,霍桑不斷地賦予了紅字「A」更多更深層的含義。海斯特是一個嚮往純真愛情,渴望幸福的女人。雖然她無法擺脫強加在她身體上的恥辱,但是她的內心深處的感情卻激情澎湃,無法遏制。為了維持生計,她為別人刺綉。她的綉工巧奪天工,精妙絕倫。她精心地綉制各種美麗的「A」字。除了維持生計,海絲特別無所求,把寄託著她的青春,激情和才氣的綉品換來的錢施捨給比她幸運的窮苦百姓。盡管她樂善好施,但是海絲特仍然沒有擺脫精神的痛苦和世俗的磨難。但她始終沒有消沉,反而變得堅強而成熟,依然反抗著清教並堅信著對丁梅斯代爾的愛情。時間是最好的證明,漸漸地她胸前所佩戴的紅色字母「A」在眾人的心中有了另一番含義:「沒有人能夠像她那樣樂善好施,那樣喜歡接濟貧困者」;「那刺綉的紅字閃射出非凡的光芒,給人以慰藉。在別的地方他是罪惡的標志,但在病房裡卻成為蠟燭。」雖然還有那些「執著的清教徒」認為海絲特的紅字是恥辱的象徵,但是更多善良的人們拒絕再用原來的意思解釋「A」,他們說那個字的意思應該解釋為「能幹」(able)的意思。她以自己的美德贏得了人們的尊重和敬愛,她無盡的同情心和勇於獻身的精神產生了巨大的力量,在眾人眼中,紅字「A」反而具有了天使的內涵———純潔,美麗,善良,博愛。通過作者對紅色字母「A」的駕馭,我們可以看出霍桑對主人公海絲特熱情、善良、堅強、勇敢的天性的贊美。於此同時,我們也可以看出作者的另一個寫作意圖,通過美與丑,善與惡的對比,霍桑對清教徒的卑劣行徑刻畫的入木三分,痛斥得酣暢淋漓。「清教徒倡導勤儉、反對奢靡,無疑是凈化社會的一劑良葯,但是標榜禁慾,讓世人過苦行僧般的生活,多少有些泯滅人性之嫌」。而主人公海絲特正是祭奠清教徒狂熱宗教信仰的無辜羔羊。通過「A」的不斷變化,作者為我們揭示了當時社會的真實圖景。如果說紅字A在清教徒的眼中是通姦的代表,那麼賦予了象徵意義的紅字A就象徵著善良、美好、堅強和勤勞。如果說小珠兒是永不磨滅的活著的紅字的話,那麼賦予了象徵意義的小珠兒就象徵著純真的愛情、這個時代的曙光。Pearl(小珠兒)是這部小說中唯一的一個陽光人物,她像珍珠一樣純潔,像天使一樣善良快樂。在四個主要人物中,只有小珠兒在道德上是完美沒有殘缺的,她象徵著人性中最無暇的一面。小珠兒的出現並非是作者的心血來潮,讀者從對海絲特女兒名字的設計上就可以體會到。她是海絲特和丁梅斯代爾的女兒。Pearl這個詞來源於聖經,意思是「十分珍貴的東西」。在聖經中記載,上帝讓一個商人賣掉所有的財產去買一顆珍珠,並告訴他這顆珍珠即是他的天堂。海絲特為這段愛情付出了沉重的代價,可以說女兒在她心中占據絕對重要的位置,是她的天堂。同時,霍桑在小珠兒情節上的設計也是恰到好處,獨具匠心。小珠兒既是海絲特愛情的象徵,同時也是她恥辱的象徵,是活著的紅字。作者總是會有意無意地描寫小珠兒對紅字近乎天生的熱愛:小珠兒出生時第一眼看到的就是母親胸前燦爛的紅字A.而且小珠兒十分的喜歡,伸手去抓,「眼裡總是含著奇怪的表情與特殊的微笑」。正是珠兒的存在才時刻提醒著海絲特和丁梅斯代爾他們曾經犯下的「罪行」,督促他們凈化自己的靈魂改過自新。正是因為小珠兒的存在才使丁梅斯代爾有勇氣在公眾面前承認自己的「罪行」。可以說,小珠兒寄託了作者對美好生活,純真愛情,和追求善良無暇的人性的嚮往。是作者的希望所在,也是社會的希望所在。總而言之,正是由於霍桑在《紅字》中獨具匠心的象徵手法的運用,使《紅字》成為美國第一部象徵主義小說,也正是因為霍桑在《紅字》中象徵手法的成功運用,成就了《紅字》在文學領域的重要地位。
參考文獻
[1]常耀信.美國文學簡史[M].天津:南開大學出版社,2003.
[2]任曉晉,魏玲.紅字中象徵與原型的
模糊性、多義性和矛盾性[J].外國文學研究,2000,(1):121-125.
[3]於奇.新編美國文學選讀[M].鄭州大學出版社,2005
[4]田俊武.霍桑紅字人名寓意研究[J].外國文學研究,1999,(1):52-54.
[5]胡尚田.論紅字中的紅字[J].四川外語學院學報,1999,(4):45-48.
[6]約翰·羅爾斯.正義論[M].北京:中國社會科學出版社,1988.
A study of sym bolic m ean ingsof The Scarlet L etterZHANG W en-si(Fudan U n iversity,S hangha i 200433,Ch ina)Abstract:The author gives many rich and p rofoundmeanings of the scarlet letter A to contract beauty w ithugliness besides kindness and evil.Moreover,Haw2thorne reposes too much hope by molding the im age ofPearl.Key words:「the scarlet letter」;A Pearl;symbolism

Ⅳ 大家幫忙找一下關於霍桑《紅字》Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter 的相關國外文獻~~

簡介：http://www.uwm.e/Library/special/exhibits/clastext/clspg143.htm

文本（電子書）：
http://www.bartleby.com/83/
http://www.ibiblio.org/eldritch/nh/sl.html
http://www.bookwolf.com/Free_Booknotes/The_Scarlet_Letter/the_scarlet_letter.html

評論：
http://www.online-literature.com/hawthorne/scarletletter/

google學術上的評論：
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Nathaniel+Hawthorne+The+Scarlet+Letter&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en&btnG=Search

下面列的參考文獻應該夠用了：
http://www.csustan.e/english/reuben/pal/chap3/hawthorne.html

Ⅳ 求關於《紅字》的英語論文

The Scarlet Letter, published in 1850, is an American novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne and is generally considered to be his magnum opus. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who gives birth after committing altery, refuses to name the father, and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne explores questions of grace, legalism, sin and guilt.

[edit] Plot summary
The Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal supervision.
The Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal supervision.[1]

The novel begins in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts, then a Puritan settlement. A young woman, Hester Prynne, is led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms and the scarlet letter 「A」 on her bosom. The scarlet letter "A" represents the act of altery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin – a badge of shame – for all to see. A man in the crowd tells an elderly onlooker that Hester is being punished for altery. Hester's husband, who is much older than she is, sent her ahead to America while he settled some affairs in Europe. However, her husband never arrived in Boston. The consensus is that he has been lost at sea. While waiting for her husband, Hester has apparently had an affair, as she has given birth to a child. She will not reveal her lover』s identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her public shaming, is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy. On this day Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child』s father.[1]

The elderly onlooker is Hester』s missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. He settles in Boston, intent on revenge. He reveals his true identity to no one but Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. Several years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and Pearl (her daughter) grows into a willful, impish child, who is more of a symbol than an actual character, said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both Hester's love and her punishment. Shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston. Community officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but, with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, an eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. Chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. Chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister』s torments and Hester』s secret, and he begins to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. One afternoon, while the minister sleeps, Chillingworth discovers something undescribed to the reader, supposedly an "A" burned into Dimmesdale's chest, which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.[1]

Dimmesdale』s psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester』s charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of John Winthrop when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl』s request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a ll red 「A」 in the night sky. It is interpreted by the townsfolk to mean Angel, as a prominent figure in the community had died that night, but Dimmesdale sees it as meaning Altery. Hester can see that the minister』s condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. She goes to Chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to Dimmesdale』s self-torment. Chillingworth refuses. She suggests that she may reveal his identity to Dimmesdale.[1]

Hester arranges an encounter with Dimmesdale in the forest because she is aware that Chillingworth knows that she plans to reveal his identity to Dimmesdale, and she wishes to protect him. While walking through the forest, the sun will not shine on Hester, though Pearl can bask in it. They then wait for Dimmesdale, and he arrives. The former lovers decide to flee to Europe, where they can live with Pearl as a family. They will take a ship sailing from Boston in four days. Both feel a sense of release, and Hester removes her scarlet letter and lets down her hair. The sun immediately breaks through the clouds and trees to illuminate her release and joy. Pearl, playing nearby, does not recognize her mother without the letter. She is unnerved and expels a shriek until her mother points out the letter on the ground. Hester beckons Pearl to come to her, but Pearl will not go to her mother until Hester buttons the letter back onto her dress. Pearl then goes to her mother. Dimmesdale gives Pearl a kiss on the forehead, which Pearl immediately tries to wash off in the brook, because he again refuses to make known publicly their relationship. However, he too clearly feels a release from the pretense of his former life, and the laws and sins he has lived with.

The day before the ship is to sail, the townspeople gather for a holiday and Dimmesdale preaches his most eloquent sermon ever. Meanwhile, Hester has learned that Chillingworth knows of their plan and has booked passage on the same ship. Dimmesdale, leaving the church after his sermon, sees Hester and Pearl standing before the town scaffold. He impulsively mounts the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the mark supposedly seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead just after Pearl kisses him.[1]

Frustrated in his revenge, Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows what has happened to them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resume her charitable work. She receives occasional letters from Pearl, who was rumored to have married an European aristocrat and established a family of her own. Pearl also inherits all of Chillingworth's money even though he knows she is not his daughter. There is a sense of liberation in her and the townspeople, especially the women, who had finally begun to forgive Hester of her tragic indiscretion. When Hester dies, she is buried in "a new grave near an old and sunken one, in that burial ground beside which King's Chapel has since been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space between, as if the st of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet one tombstone served for both." The tombstone was decorated with a letter "A", and it was used for Hester and Dimmesdale.

[edit] Major themes
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Nathaniel Hawthorne

[edit] Sin

Sin and knowledge are linked in the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Bible begins with the story of Adam and Eve, who were expelled from the Garden of Eden for eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. As a result of their knowledge, Adam and Eve are made aware of their disobedience, that which separates them from the divine and from other creatures. Once expelled from the Garden of Eden, they are forced to toil and to procreate – two 「labors」 that seem to define the human condition. The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge – specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as 「her passport into regions where other women dared not tread,」 leading her to 「speculate」 about her society and herself more 「boldly」 than anyone else in New England.[2]

As for Dimmesdale, the 「cheating minister」 of his sin gives him 「sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his heart vibrate[s] in unison with theirs.」 His eloquent and powerful sermons derive from this sense of empathy.[2] The narrative of the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is quite in keeping with the oldest and most fully authorized principles in Christian thought. His "Fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; he appears to begin in purity. He ends in corruption. The subtlety is that the minister is his own deceiver, convincing himself at every stage of his spiritual pilgrimage that he is saved.[3]

The rosebush, its beauty a striking contrast to all that surrounds it – as later the beautifully embroidered scarlet A will be – is held out in part as an invitation to find 「some sweet moral blossom」 in the ensuing, tragic tale and in part as an image that 「the deep heart of nature」 (perhaps God) may look more kindly on the errant Hester and her child (the roses among the weeds) than do her Puritan neighbors. Throughout the work, the nature images contrast with the stark darkness of the Puritans and their systems.[4]

Chillingworth』s misshapen body reflects (or symbolizes) the evil in his soul, which builds as the novel progresses, similar to the way Dimmesdale's illness reveals his inner turmoil. The outward man reflects the condition of the heart.[4]

Although Pearl is a complex character, her primary function within the novel is as a symbol. Pearl herself is the embodiment of the scarlet letter, and Hester rightly clothes her in a beautiful dress of scarlet, embroidered with gold thread, just like the scarlet letter upon Hester's bosom. [2] Parallels can be drawn between Pearl and the character Beatrice in Rappaccini's Daughter. Both are studies in the same direction, though from different standpoints. Beatrice is nourished upon poisonous plants, until she herself becomes poisonous. Pearl, in the mysterious prenatal world, imbibes the poison of her parents' guilt.

[edit] Past and present

The clashing of past and present is explored in various ways. For example, the character of the old General, whose heroic qualities include a distinguished name, perseverance, integrity, compassion, and moral inner strength, is said to be 「the soul and spirit of New England hardihood.」 Now put out to pasture, he sometimes presides over the Custom House run by corrupt public servants, who skip work to sleep, allow or overlook smuggling, and are supervised by an inspector with 「no power of thought, nor depth of feeling, no troublesome sensibilities,」 who is honest enough but without a spiritual compass.[4]

Hawthorne himself had ambivalent feelings about the role of his ancestors in his life. In his autobiographical sketch, Hawthorne described his ancestors as 「dim and sky,」 「grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and steel crowned,」 「bitter persecutors」 whose 「better deeds」 would be diminished by their bad ones. There can be little doubt of Hawthorne』s disdain for the stern morality and rigidity of the Puritans, and he imagined his predecessors』 disdainful view of him: unsuccessful in their eyes, worthless and disgraceful. 「A writer of story books!」 But even as he disagrees with his ancestor』s viewpoint, he also feels an instinctual connection to them and, more importantly, a 「sense of place」 in Salem. Their blood remains in his veins, but their intolerance and lack of humanity becomes the subject of his novel.[4]

[edit] Public response

The Scarlet Letter was published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period.[5] When he delivered the final pages to James Thomas Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that "some portions of the book are powerfully written" but doubted it would be popular.[6] In fact, the book was an instant best-seller[7] though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500.[5] Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introction "The Custom-House". A 2,500- second edition of The Scarlet Letter included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that he had decided to reprint his introction "without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives".[8]

The book's immediate and lasting success are e to the way it addresses spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint. In 1850, altery was an extremely risqué subject, but because Hawthorne had the support of the New England literary establishment, it passed easily into the realm of appropriate reading. It has been said that this work represents the height of Hawthorne's literary genius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme.[9]

The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-proced books in America. Into the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days,[5] and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time. Copies of the first edition are often sought by collectors as rare books, and may fetch up to around $6,000 USD.

On its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" with dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them".[10] 20th century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.[11]

[edit] Allusions

* Anne Hutchinson, mentioned in Chapter 1, The Prison Door, was a religious dissenter (1591-1643). In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston and moved to Rhode Island.[4]
* Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.
* Sir Thomas Overbury and Dr. Forman were the subjects of an altery scandal in 1615 in England. Dr. Forman was charged with trying to poison his alterous wife and her lover. Overbury was a friend of the lover and was perhaps poisoned.
* John Winthrop (1588-1649), first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
* Richard Dawkins' Out Campaign is represented with the Scarlet Letter A emblem.

[edit] Film, TV and theatrical adaptations

Main article: Film Adaptations of the Scarlet Letter

1995 film poster
1995 film poster

* 1917: A black-and-white silent film directed by Carl Harbaugh with Mary G. Martin as Hester Prynne
* 1926: A silent movie directed by Victor Sjostrom and starring Lillian Gish and Lars Hanson.
* 1934: film directed by Robert G. Vignola and starring Colleen Moore
* 1973: Der Scharlachrote Buchstabe a film directed by Wim Wenders in German
* 1979: PBS version starring Meg Foster and John Heard
* 1994: A rock musical, "The Scarlet Letter" written by Mark Governor is proced in Los Angeles.
* 1995: The Scarlet Letter, a film directed by Roland Joffé and starring Demi Moore as Hester and Gary Oldman as Arthur Dimmesdale. This version is "freely adapted" from Hawthorne according to the opening credits and takes liberties with the original story.
* 1996: The film Primal Fear references The Scarlet Letter.
* 1996: The Marilyn Manson promotional video for the song 'Man That You Fear' obliquely references the novel.
* The Red Letter Plays (In The Blood proced in 1999, and F--ing A, proced in 2000) by playwright Suzan-Lori Parks, rewrote the story placing it in contemporary New York and Houston.
* 2001: A musical stage adaptation which premiered at the Fringe Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland, by Stacey Mancine, Daniel Koloski, and Simon Gray.
* 2004: The Scarlet Letter is a Korean noir-thriller featuring an alteress' monologue, that mentions a plan to raise her unborn child as Pearl in America, in a desperate plea to exit her obsessive affair.
* 2008: "shAme"[1], a rock opera by Mark Governor based on "The Scarlet Letter" premieres in Los Angeles. It is a major reworking of his 1994 stage musical that was also proced in Boston in 2000 and as a radio proction in Berlin in 2005. The 2000 version was endorsed and presented by the Nathaniel Hawthorne Society.

[edit] References to the novel
Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (September 2008)

[edit] Literature

* The 1993 novel The Holder of the World by Bharati Mukherjee re-wrote the story, placing it in present-day Boston, Colonial America, and seventeenth-century India ring the spread of the British East India Company.
* Deborah Noyes wrote a companion to this novel entitled Angel and Apostle with Pearl as the main character.
* Postmodern writer Kathy Acker borrows from The Scarlet Letter in her novel Blood and Guts in High School. Janie, the main character, identifies with Hester Prynne and intertwines their stories in a vulgar manner.
* In the novel Speak, Hairwoman, the English teacher, refers to The Scarlet Letter in her lesson. The novel's protagonist, Melinda Sordino, is a freshman in high school who is ostracized from her fellow schoolmates ring the school year, much as Hester Prynne was ostracized by the Puritans in Boston.
* Maryse Condé's novel I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, although set at the time of the Salem witch trials, also features the character Hester Prynne.
* The title of Jhumpa Lahiri's 2008 novel Unaccustomed Earth comes from a passage from the introction to The Scarlet Letter: "Human nature will not flourish, any more than a potato, if it be planted and replanted, for too long a series of generations, in the same worn-out soil. My children have had other birthplaces, and, so far as their fortunes may be within my control, shall strike their roots into unaccustomed earth."

[edit] Culture

Richard Dawkins's Out Campaign for atheism uses a red scarlet "A" on webpages and clothing as an emblem of atheist identification. [12]

Tennessee has drivers convicted of DUI wear vests advertising this fact while on roadside litter pick-up ty. This is a badge of shame similar to the original scarlet letter.

Ⅵ 紅字英文參考文獻

[1] Schubert : Leland Hawthorne[M] , The Artist University of North Carolina Press , 1944
[2] Turner, Arlin: Nathaniel Hawthorne [M] . Barnes & Nobel, Inc. ,1961
[3]Gerber, John C. ed. , Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Scarlet Letter:A Collection of Critical Essays[M] .New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ,1968 .
[4] Bercovtiti，Sacvan．The Office of The Starlet Letter[M]．Baltimore London:The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1991．
[5]Todd , Robert The Magna Mater Archetype in the「 Scarlet Letter」[J ]New England Quarterly 45

Ⅶ 求一篇有關《紅字》電影和小說的比較的論文，字數不需要很多，最好是英文的

淺析電影《紅字》和小說的區別
[摘要]《紅字》，是美國小說家霍桑最著名的作品之一，現在對比的是1995年黛米摩爾主演的電影版本。同樣是《紅字》，故事框架似乎差不多，《紅字》的電影表現的是比較現代的東西，而由於小說作者本身的時代局限性，和電影有很多不同。
[關鍵詞]《紅字》區別
影片《紅字》是根據霍桑名著改編的愛情電影。這部影片不再僅僅只是一部普通的愛情悲劇，而是揭示了17世紀宗教制度對人性的迫害，特別是教會、夫權對女性的壓迫。導演為影片注入了新的社會內容，在批判舊制度的同時，對當代社會的道德淪喪，人權低下，人性泯滅亦帶有相當的揭露和諷刺，具有深刻的現實意義。影片以新英格蘭殖民時期信奉加爾文教的清教徒的移民生活為背景，著重插寫了當時在嚴酷的政權統治之下人民的苦難生活。宗教在人們思想和生活上刻下了深深的烙印，以至於社會道德平庸低下，面對肆意的惡勢力，人們不敢反抗。這種對心靈的摧殘和對人性的壓抑，通過女主人公的堅定反抗而更加突出，兩者互相映襯。但是電影的表現與原著還是有區別的:
從表現出來的思想上看，原著主要討論的是人的罪，即人皆有罪。而通過贖罪和將罪行袒露出來，可以使靈魂得到升華。這和作者本身是清教徒身份以及對家族以前犯下的罪過產生的宿命感分不開的。而且，作者雖然覺得當時對人思想的禁錮是不對的，但是，他對變革也抱有懷疑態度。但是電影就不一樣了。時代向前推進了不是一點半點，現在思想解放已被公認，所以在影片中，海斯特的言行就更加堅定。霍桑只是向未來窺探，而導演卻是回望，自然佔了很大便宜。因此，再在電影中單純的表現人皆有罪的思想便會顯得不合時宜甚至怪異晦澀了。是以海斯特的丈夫的戲份被明顯減少了。那麼用
什麼來填補思想的空白呢?電影中表現海斯特和牧師間的愛情的戲份增加了，印第安人的戲份也明顯增加了。特別是後者，甚至帶來了影片結尾的大規模戰斗場面，也許導演想為沉悶的全局製造一個高潮吧。
小說中海斯特是迷茫的，她為了愛人而拒絕說出情夫的名字，又因為愧疚和恐懼發誓不向他人透露自己丈夫的身份。電影中海斯特是堅定的，從不認為自己有罪，也完全站在愛人的一邊。在影片中她去警告了牧師約瑟，而影片剛開始海斯特乘馬車去找房子的時候，鎮上的人都在看她，說明到鎮上的人不多，每個新人都很受關注，約瑟不可能不知道海斯特的丈夫的身份。事實上，從後面的情節中可以知道，他知道的。海斯特的不同表現表明，霍桑對愛情和教義本身就存在迷茫，他既肯定兩人之間的愛是偉大的，是上天的賜予，又認定通姦是罪。電影導演明顯是將「愛情」這種人性需求放至第一位。他在為兩個人的行為辯護。
電影對「女巫案」的映射部分還是保留的很好，也算是忠於原著了。但是小說中描寫紅字被海斯特裝飾的異常美麗在電影中幾乎沒表現出來，更別提原著結尾海斯特是又回到這里，自願帶上紅字，度過餘生;而海斯特因為善良能幹逐漸被眾人接受也絲毫沒有提及，這恐怕是因為要為引出影片結尾的戰斗而不得不舍棄了吧。基於以上兩點，我認為，電影在表現海斯特的堅韌善良方面比原著差遠了。
影片中還有一個意象分擔了紅字的重量，那就是一隻紅色的小鳥。紅色的小鳥出現過兩次，後來在女奴的描述中又出現過一次。都是在影片的前半部分。第一次是在海斯特勞作時，小紅鳥引她看到了牧師裸泳的情景。這無疑是給海斯特心湖投下了一塊巨石。按現在的話說，大概是:哎呀媽呀，太震撼了!第二次則是海斯特終於和牧師在一起的時候，小紅鳥飛進了海斯特的房子里，女奴看著紅鳥忘情地沐浴。第一次海斯特想捕捉紅鳥卻終沒有抓到，第二次紅鳥自動飛到她的房間里但最終又飛走。紅鳥可以說既是海斯特的媒人又是她和牧師間幸福愛情本身的象徵。又因為它是鳥，也象徵著海斯特甚至可以說眾多婦女的精神解放。說道它的人性解放含義，它在影片中還間接地出現了一次，即海斯特的女奴被騙去審問時，女奴表達出來的。對於這個我將其理解為，人性一旦嘗到了解放的滋味，就會給人深刻的影響，再想將其束縛起來，是很難的。而小說中的紅字A，顧名思義是紅色的A字，首先映入我們眼簾的便是耀眼的紅色。紅色展示出了各種豐富的內涵:紅色是血與火的顏色，是熱烈情慾的象徵，海絲特和丁梅斯代爾抑制不住青春的沖動和對對方的愛慕，最終成為上帝的罪人，一個婦女喪失了貞節，一位牧師辱沒了自己的使命，受到懲罰。紅色是生命、力量和熱情的象徵。海絲特與丁梅斯代爾之間的愛情是純潔的，美麗的，熱烈的，然而在嚴峻的清教思想的統治下，象徵愛情和生命之源的紅色被愚昧的社會當作恥辱的標記戴在海絲特胸前，以示懲戒。讓大家覺得諷刺的是:海絲特胸前耀眼的紅字，就如同她心頭熊熊燃燒著的一團火焰，在嚴寒和冷酷的社會環境中帶給她溫暖;在死一般地孤獨和寂寞中給她以生的希望和勇氣。雖然遭到社會的迫害，世人的唾棄，她卻沒有屈服，她幾乎是昂首挺胸走出層層困境，以無聲地沉默和堅強的信念反抗著令人感到窒息的精神壓迫。她堅定地相信，一個更光明的時期一定會來臨，人們將會獲得真正的愛情和幸福。兩者還是有區別的。
電影雖沒有小說的獨特韻味，但這部電影中光影的運用和明暗的處理，是它獨特的藝術技巧。影片採用陰暗色調，以冷色為主，造成沉重，壓抑的氣氛，即使是晴空萬里，也採用背影光處理，造成一種單調、灰暗的生活氣息，烘托影片的主題。
參考文獻
[1]杜秀君.論物質世界的靈性——從《紅字》探
索納撒尼爾?霍桑小說的創作特色[J].電影文學,
2008,(15).
[2]廖曉雪,徐曉莉.《紅字》中「A」的多重寓意與人
名的隱喻[J].湖北經濟學院學報(人文社會科學
版),2007,(10).
[3]倪志毅,陳琴.淺析《紅字》中象徵手法的運用
[J].消費導刊,2008,(05).
作者簡介
趙雅習，衡水學院外語系.