① 求一篇美國軍事思想英文論文帶翻譯，1000字即可
Since the September 11 attacks, a number of websites, books, and films, largely promoted on and distributed through the Internet, have challenged the mainstream account of the attacks. Although mainstream media has stated that al-Qaeda "conspired" to execute the attacks on the World Trade Center in the legal sense, a 9/11 conspiracy theory generally refers to a belief in a broad conspiracy, in which the attacks were executed by powerful groups often including government agencies or an alleged secret global network. Many groups and indivials challenging the official account identify as part of the 9/11 Truth Movement.
Initially, 9/11 conspiracy theories received little attention in the media. In an address to the United Nations on November 10, 2001, United States President George W. Bush denounced the emergence of "outrageous conspiracy theories ... that attempt to shift the blame away from the terrorists, themselves, away from the guilty. Later, as media exposure of conspiracy theories of the events of 9/11 increased, US government agencies and the Bush Administration issued refutations to the theories, including a formal response by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to questions about the destruction of the World Trade Center, a revised 2006 State Department webpage to debunk the theories, and a strategy paper referred to by President Bush in an August 2006 speech, which declares that terrorism springs from "subcultures of conspiracy and misinformation," and that "terrorists recruit more effectively from populations whose information about the world is contaminated by falsehoods and corrupted by conspiracy theories. The distortions keep alive grievances and filter out facts that would challenge popular prejudices and self-serving propaganda.
In August 2004, a Zogby International poll indicated that 49.3% New York City residents and 41% of New York citizens "overall" say US Leaders "knew in advance that attacks were planned on or around September 11, 2001, and that they consciously failed to act. In July 2006, a Scripps Howard and Ohio University poll concluded that "Thirty-six percent of respondents overall said it is "very likely" or "somewhat likely" that federal officials either participated in the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon or took no action to stop them", "sixteen percent said it's "very likely" or "somewhat likely" that the collapse of the twin towers in New York was aided by explosives secretly planted in the two buildings" and "twelve percent suspect the Pentagon was struck by a military cruise missile in 2001 rather than by an airliner captured by terrorists. A May 2006 Zogby International poll indicated that 42% of Americans more likely agree with people who believe that "the US government and its 9/11 Commission concealed or refused to investigate critical evidence that contradicts their official explanation of the September 11th attacks, saying there has been a cover-up. A September 2006 Ipsos-Reid poll found that 22 percent of Canadians believe "the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, had nothing to do with Osama Bin Laden and were actually a plot by influential Americans. An October 2006 New York Times and CBS news poll showed that 28 percent believe members of the Bush Administration are mostly lying about "what they knew prior to September 11th, 2001, about possible terrorist attacks against the United States.
Just prior to the fifth anniversary of the attacks, a flurry of mainstream news articles on 9/11 conspiracy theories were released. In its coverage Time Magazine stated, "This is not a fringe phenomenon. It is a mainstream political reality. Mainstream coverage has generally presented these theories as a cultural phenomenon and is often very critical of their content.
Immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. government said the attacks were carried out by members of the terrorist organisation al-Qaeda, headed by Osama Bin Laden. On the morning of September 11, the government said, nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airplanes by using knives, box cutters, pepper spray and fake explosives. They piloted the planes themselves and crashed these into the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. According to mainstream scientific account, the World Trade Center towers later collapsed e to the impact damage, removal of the fire protection and the intense fires. Due to the collapse of World Trade Center One and Two, surrounding World Trade Center buildings were heavily damaged as well, leading in turn to their complete or partial collapse. United Airlines Flight 93 crashed in Pennsylvania later that day after passengers heard of the previous attacks in air phone and cell phone conversations and brought the plane down.
Soon after the 9/11 attacks, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and FEMA concted building performance studies at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The Intelligence Committees of the House of Representatives and the United States Senate concted a Joint Inquiry in 2002. U.S. government officials, such as Condoleeza Rice, said they had no advance knowledge of the attacks and no idea that such a thing might happen. Organizations representing the victims' families such as the Jersey Girls demanded further investigation and, after initial reluctance, the administration acceded to their request. The bipartisan 9/11 Commission was formed tasked with 「not placing indivial blame」 but providing an explanation as to what happened and making recommendations to prevent a recurrence. In 2004 the commission released its report. It disclosed that there were prior warnings of varying detail that the United States would be attacked by al-Qaeda. These were ignored, the report said, e to a lack of communication between various law enforcement and intelligence personnel. For the lack of interagency communication, the report cited bureaucratic inertia and laws passed in the 1970s to prevent abuses that resulted in major scandals ring that era. The report also faulted both the Clinton and the Bush administration with 「failure of imagination」. The explanation laid out in the report has been endorsed by most members of both major political parties, and is what conspiracy theorists refer to as "the official account" of the September, 2001 attacks, which only focuses on government sources.
In addition to government investigations and sources that comprise the "official account" that conspiracy theorists look to, the September 11, 2001 attacks have been documented and analyzed by numerous non-government sources. These include eyewitnesses, investigations by the National Fire Protection Association and other organizations, experts at Pure University and Northwestern University, and news media throughout the world, including Al Jazeera, The Times of India, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the BBC, Le Monde, Deutsche Welle,the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), and The Chosun Ilbo of South Korea.
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自從九一一事件，出現了許多網站，書籍和電影，在很大程度上促進了對散發，通過互聯網有挑戰主流帳戶的攻擊。雖然主流媒體曾表示，蓋達組織的"陰謀" ，實施襲擊的世界貿易中心，在法律意義上說， 9 / 11陰謀論，一般是指一種理念，在一個廣泛的陰謀，在該襲擊事件被槍決強國集團常常包括政府機構或被指控秘密的全球網路。許多團體和個人挑戰官方帳戶查明的一部分9 / 11真理運動。
最初， 9 / 11陰謀論，並未獲得重視，在媒體。在一個地址向聯合國提交的關於2001年11月10日，美國總統布希譴責了出現"驚人的陰謀論… …所以，企圖諉過於遠離恐怖分子本身，使之遠離有罪，後來正如媒體曝光的陰謀論的事件9 / 11增加，美國政府和人民對布希政府發出了駁斥，以理論，其中包括正式的回應，由國家標准與技術研究院（ NIST ）提出的關於銷毀世界貿易中心， 2006年修訂的國務院網頁揭穿理論，以及一份戰略文件中提到，布希總統在2006年8月發表講話，宣稱恐怖主義泉水，由"亞文化的陰謀和誤報" ， "恐怖分子招募更有效地從民眾的了解世界，是由被污染的不實之詞和腐蝕的陰謀理論。扭曲永葆怨氣和濾出的事實，將挑戰流行的偏見和自我服務的宣傳。
2004年8月，佐格比國際民意調查顯示， 49.3 ％的紐約市居民，並有41 ％的紐約公民"整體"說，美國領導人"事先知道襲擊計劃或靠近2001年9月11日，他們自覺地失敗以法，在2006年7月，斯克里普斯霍華德和俄亥俄大學的調查結論認為， " 36 ％的受訪者總體說，這是"非常可能"或"有點可能"聯邦官員要麼參加了這次襲擊事件對世界貿易中心和五角大樓還是沒有採取任何行動阻止他們" ， " 16 ％的人表示，它的"非常可能"或"有點可能"崩潰的雙子塔在紐約的資助，由炸葯偷偷放置在該兩棟建築物" ， " 12 ％疑犯五角大樓被一個軍事巡航導彈， 2001年，而不是由人民客機被恐怖分子。一2006年5月佐格比國際民意調查顯示， 42 ％的美國人更可能同意的人認為， "美國政府和它的9 / 11委員會隱瞞或拒不查處臨界相反的證據，他們官方的解釋，對911恐怖襲擊事件，稱有一直隱瞞事件真相的行動。 2006年9月，這份-里德民調發現，約有22 ％的加拿大人認為， "對美國的襲擊於2001年9月11日，已完全與拉登被其實是一個陰謀，由有影響力的美國人。一個2006年10月，紐約時報和哥倫比亞廣播公司新聞調查結果顯示，有28 ％的人認為議員對布希政府大多是謊稱"他們知道自己有哪些之前， 2001年9月11日，大約有可能發生的恐怖襲擊事件是針對美國的。
只是事先向第五周年的攻擊，一系列的主流新聞文章9 / 11陰謀論，就被釋放。在它的涵蓋范圍時代雜志指出， "這不是一個附帶現象，它是一個主流的政治現實。主流覆蓋率已普遍把這些理論作為一種文化現象，往往是非常關鍵的內容。
在緊接2001年9月11日襲擊事件後，美國政府表示，襲擊事件是由成員組成的恐怖組織蓋達，為首的奧薩馬。當日上午9月11日，政府說， 19名恐怖分子劫持了4家商業飛機用的刀，美工刀，胡椒噴霧及假炸葯。他們駕駛的飛機本身並墜毀，這些融入世界貿易中心和五角大樓。根據主流科學帳戶，世界貿易中心大樓倒塌後，由於沖擊損壞，拆除消防保護和激烈的火災。由於倒塌的世界貿易中心一，二，圍繞世界貿易中心大廈受到嚴重破壞，而且，反過來又導致他們完全或部分倒塌。美國聯合航空公司的93航班墜毀在賓夕法尼亞州當天稍晚後，乘客聽說過以前的攻擊在空中電話和手機交談，並把飛機上下來。
不久9 / 11恐怖襲擊，美國土木工程師協會（ asce ）和聯邦緊急措施進行建設績效的研究，在世界貿易中心和五角大樓。情報委員會的眾議院和美國參議院進行了聯合調查，在2002年。美國政府官員，如國務卿賴斯說，他們沒有事先了解該攻擊和不知道有這樣的事情可能會發生。組織代表受害者家屬，如新澤西州女孩，要求進一步調查，在經過最初的猶豫，政府加入了他們的要求。兩黨9 / 11委員會成立專責" ，不把個人的責任" ，而是提供一個解釋，至於到底發生了什麼提出建議，以防止同類事件再次發生。 2004年，該委員會公布了它的報告。據透露，有事先警告的不同細節，聲稱美國將攻擊的蓋達組織。這些被漠視，報告說，由於缺乏溝通，各執法機構和情報人員。因為缺乏機構間的溝通，該報告引述的官僚慣性，並通過的法律，在20世紀70年代，以防止濫用，導致重大丑聞，在那個時代。該報告還斷陷都柯林頓和布希政府"失敗的想像" 。解釋了在報告中已得到大多數議員的兩個主要政黨，是有什麼陰謀論者指為"正式戶口"的9月， 2001年襲擊，其中僅著重於政府的消息。
此外，以政府的調查和來源構成的"正式戶口"陰謀理論家期待， 2001年9月11日恐怖活動被記錄在案，並分析了眾多非政府來源。這些措施包括目擊證人，案件現正由美國國家防火保護協會和其他組織，專家，在美國普渡大學和西北大學，和新聞媒體，在全國各地，世界各國，包括卡達半島電視台，印度時報，加拿大廣播公司（央行） ，英國廣播公司，世界報伊徹韋勒，澳大利亞廣播公司（ ABC ）的，和朝鮮日報，韓國。
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The Enlightenment of the Iraq war
First, win the war and lose credibility. The end of major combat in Iraq, as the United States and Britain overcome with depression have "intelligence gate" political crisis. Because there is no mandate from the United Nations, the United States and Britain was fought say, and tried to find evidence after the "supplementary proceres." But after the war, the United States and Britain in Iraq Wade overnight did not identify relevant evidence, and in fact there a lot of the United States and Britain intelligence authorities used false evidence to mislead the community, both Bush and Blair are in the country encountered considerable trouble. Faced with the recent anti-war demonstrations, Blair had been in a silent, Bush is strong on fighting terrorism, the Iraq and terrorism-linked, but it still attempts to adopt the beginning, the war was no longer mentioning the reason.
Second, split the Western alliance, the United States and Britain even more isolated. Before the Iraq war started, in the international context has emerged, led by the United States and Britain to the Warring States and France and Germany at the core of anti-war countries. Both the concept of deep differences over the attitude of the firm and after the Second World War were unprecedented in the Western camp. Spain recent political change in the situation after the general election, Spain from the Warring States into the war, the other main European attitude of the Warring States Period Poland began wavering, and the two factions fighting over the momentum of change has emerged. .
Third, it could not extricate Ho talk about democracy. United States wants to turn Iraq turned into an American-style a model of democracy, thereby transforming the entire Arab world. However, the United States in the reconstruction process of Iraq's political structure in the event of severe difficulties. In Iraq, the color of the most secular political forces that the Saddam regime had, the United States now to kick Saddam Hussein, according to the United States want to build a model of the secular Turkish government, asking for the impossible a little taste. If the United States by the end of June this year the transfer of sovereignty to the Iraqi people, really do not know what will happen situation. Normally, the religious factor will become the dominant political process in the spirit of the main factors, but also the United States should want to see. By the end of June this year, is a threshold, a look at the United States is still Yingkang themselves away in the end.
Fourth, the "anti-terror" war, trigger more terrorist. To the United States into the war in Iraq is part of the war on terror, but many countries and people are not recognized. In fact, the post-war Iraq itself has become a breeding ground for terrorist acts and the source of the world's terrorist activities have spread trend. Some commentators have suggested that, even if the "base" no longer has direct application of the ability of terrorist actions, but it has become the spirit of global terrorism and ideological sources. "Base" is the ideology of widely disseminated. This situation with the war in Iraq have great relations with the Bush instigated the clash of civilizations "crusader" remarks have relations, and this is the beginning of the new century, a very dangerous sign.
Fifth, the traditional Western values are being challenged. "9.11" incident that the United States will "terrorism" was established as the most important task, and the war in Iraq makes this idea deeper cut into its social dimensions. Airport Rulindadi the United States, the implementation of the Immigration foreigners from taking pictures and fingerprints of their citizens have to accept all complex inspection at the same time, the United States visa foreigners increasingly difficult. This kind of national and citizens of other countries restrictions and violations of the rights issue, has caused a certain degree of rebound in the community, the strength of anti-war peace also gain some energy. To a certain extent, the war in Iraq has eroded the value of the West's political philosophy and political ecology, the development of the situation and consequences deserve close attention.
In short, for the United States, the war in Iraq has only solved the problem of the surface of the fall of Saddam Hussein, but to the political reconstruction, the clash of civilizations, the international community separatism, terrorism rampant, deep-seated problems, the loss appropriately, in the past and the future time will continue to be the topic of debate.
伊拉克戰爭的啟示
其一，贏了戰爭，輸了誠信。在伊拉克主要戰事結束之後，作為戰勝者的美英兩國卻同陷「情報門」政治危機。因為沒有得到聯合國的授權，美英於是打了再說，並試圖在事後找到證據「補辦手續」。然而戰後，美英在伊拉克挖地三尺也沒找出相關證據，反倒出現了不少美英當局用不實情報誤導社會的證據，布希和布萊爾均在國內遇上相當大的麻煩。面對近日的反戰示威，布萊爾已陷入沉默，布希還在強談反恐，強把伊拉克和恐怖主義掛鉤，但也開始顧左右而言它，不再提當初開戰的理由了。
其二，西方陣營分裂，美英更加孤立。伊拉克戰爭還沒打響之時，在國際范圍內就出現了以美英為首的主戰國和以法德為核心的反戰國。二者的理念分歧之深，態度之堅決，均是二戰後西方陣營中前所未有的。最近西班牙大選後出現政治變局，西班牙從主戰國變為反戰國，另一個歐洲主戰國波蘭也開始態度游移，戰和兩派的氣勢之比又出現變化。。
其三，抽身都難，何談民主。美國想把伊拉克搞成一個美式民主的樣板，進而改造整個阿拉伯世界。但美國在重建伊拉克政治結構的過程中遇上了極大困難。在伊拉克，最具世俗主義色彩的政治力量原本就是薩達姆政權，現在美國把薩達姆踹了，又想按美國模式建一個土耳其式的世俗主義政府，有點緣木求魚的味道。如果美國今年6月底移交主權給伊拉克人，真不知會出現什麼局面。按常理，宗教因素將成為主導政治進程的主要精神因素，但這又是美國絕不願看到的。今年6月底是個坎，且看美國是抽身而去還是硬抗到底。
其四，「反恐」戰爭，引發更多恐怖。美國力求把伊拉克戰爭算成反恐戰爭的一部分，但許多國家和人民對此不認可。事實上，戰後的伊拉克本身已成為一個恐怖主義行為的滋生地和策源地，世界上的恐怖主義活動也有蔓延之勢。有論者認為，即使「基地」組織不再具有直接實施恐怖行動的能力，但它已成為全球恐怖主義的精神和思想來源。「基地」組織的意識形態正廣泛傳播。這種情況同伊拉克戰爭有絕大的關系，同布希鼓動文明沖突的「十字軍」言論也有關系，這是新世紀之初一個很危險的跡象。
其五，西方傳統價值觀受到挑戰。「9·11」事件使美國將「反恐」確立為第一要務，而伊戰則使這一理念更深地切入到其社會的各個層面。美國機場如臨大敵，對入境外國人實施拍照和提取指紋，本國公民也要接受種種繁復的檢查，與此同時，外國人赴美簽證越來越難辦。這種對本國和他國公民進行權利限制和侵犯的問題，已經引起了一定的社會反彈，和平反戰的力量也從中獲得一定的能量。從某種程度上說，伊拉克戰爭已經侵蝕了西方國家的政治價值理念和政治生態，這一情況的發展及後果值得密切關注。
總之，對美國而言，伊拉克戰爭只解決了薩達姆倒台的表層問題，卻帶來政治重建、文明沖突、國際社會分裂、恐怖主義猖獗等深層問題，其得其失，在今後一個不短的時間內仍會是人們爭論的話題。
② 這些中文參考文獻怎麼翻譯成英文
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[9] Lin Yun. Requirements engineering principle in the application of software development [J]. Journal of software, 2008, (2).
③ 參考文獻的英文翻譯
人們處理信息的方式有兩種： （一）系統的控制和（ b ）自動。控制信息處理中使用新型的情況下，很少有以往的經驗回落的。這里的信息是積極爭取和認真處理，使高品質的決定。這種類型的決策往往是定性為「合理」 （ SIM卡與Cioia ， 1986年） 。模型的合理決策，如期望理論（隆， 1964年）往往在工作以及會計行為的非例行的情況（例如，選擇了職業生涯） ，但不那麼在試圖解釋日常行為，如持續的性能水平（ 基翁 ， 1983 ） 。一旦積累經驗，尤其決定或任務，系統決策過程讓位給依賴於自動程序使用建立心智模式和套路。首次廚師准備一盤涉及非常不同的信息處理時間比100 。心智模式的組織知識系統的方式是架構。架構組織經驗有意義的方式，並有可能為人們處理含糊不清的練習方法和預測未來會發生什麼。如果人們有經驗，旅遊，營銷或損壞的控制，有架構的規劃訪問，引進新產品，或突發性壞消息。一旦形成模式，有少審查目前的事實和情況，並更多地依靠什麼是已知的。
合同是一種架構開發的經驗。它可能會產生的控制，合理的程序（例如，什麼是在這對我來說，有什麼證據可以表明我可以信任的另一方） ，但一旦建立，合同變得更加自動化。新來的資產負債表和退伍軍人心理公司展示了兩套不同的模式（合同）並存的基礎上是否被聘用的人在20世紀70年代或90年代。由於是一個偉大的趨勢繼續合同，人民的架構形式穩定和預測未來的行為。人們不一定努力改變模式。人民艱苦奮斗的擬合經驗到它們。變更校董會被通過鏡頭的每一個成員的合同擱置
④ 英文的參考文獻格式到底怎麼寫
英文引用及參考文獻格式要求如下：
參考文獻(即引文出處)的類型以單字母方式標識,具體如下:
M——專著C——論文集N——報紙文章
J——期刊文章D——學位論文R——報告
對於不屬於上述的文獻類型,採用字母「Z」標識。
對於英文參考文獻,還應注意以下兩點:
①作者姓名採用「姓在前名在後」原則,具體格式是:姓,名字的首字母.
如:MalcolmRichardCowley為:Cowley,M.R.,
如果有兩位作者,第一位作者方式不變,&之後第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在後面,
如: FrankNorris與IrvingGordon應為:Norris,F.&I.Gordon.;
②書名、報刊名使用斜體字,如:MasteringEnglishLiterature, EnglishWeekly。
(4)軍事英文翻譯參考文獻擴展閱讀：
參考文獻類型及文獻類型，根據GB3469-83《文獻類型與文獻載體代碼》規定，以單字母方式標識：
1、專著M ； 報紙N ；期刊J ；專利文獻P；匯編G ；古籍O；技術標准S ；
2、學位論文D ；科技報告R；參考工具K ；檢索工具W；檔案B ；錄音帶A ；
3、圖表Q；唱片L；產品樣本X；錄相帶V；會議錄C；中譯文T；
4、樂譜I； 電影片Y；手稿H；微縮膠卷U ；幻燈片Z；微縮平片F；其他E。
(4)軍事英文翻譯參考文獻擴展閱讀來源：網路_參考文獻
⑤ 求：英文參考文獻及其翻譯一篇
人工濕地是為了凈化污水而建造的一類系統，其環境特徵既不同於自然濕地內，也不同容於一般陸地生境。人工濕地的生物多樣性是一個新問題。作者以杭州植物園作為案例研究了亞熱帶地區人工濕地植物多樣性的季節變化。結果表明：秋末人工濕地的物種數為72種，其中自然遷入植物54種；冬春季的物種數為46種，其中自然遷入物種33種。在人工濕地中，人工配置的植物種類仍然是群落結構的主體，遷入植物人部分處於伴生地位。應該在人工配置植物的基礎上保留一些有價值的自然遷入植物，使人工濕地具有較高的生物多樣他，這樣既能充分吸收水中的多種營養成分，又能美化環境。亞熱帶地區可以有冬春和夏秋兩個植物功能群在人工濕地中連續生長，這可以充分利用時間生態位，提高人工濕地在冬季的凈化效果，增強人工濕地凈化能力的季節間穩定性。
參考資料：http://info.cqvip.com/asp/vipsearch.asp
⑥ 「參考文獻」翻譯成英文怎麼說謝謝
REFERENCE 和BIBLIOGRAPHY 都可以 具體看你參考文獻方面有沒有詳細列明出處的第幾頁幾段,如果明確的 那麼用BIBLIOGRAPHY,反之用REFERENCE
⑦ 求助英文參考文獻的翻譯格式~~~
外文參考書目的格式如下：
編號，作者（英文名字在前，姓在後，中間是教名專，可屬以縮寫或不寫姓名；如果只有一個作者，亦可先排姓，加「,」再排名，通常不寫教名；若多個作者，排在後面的名字需要使用縮寫格式），書名，地名: 出版單位，版次，年份 。
根據這個原則翻譯外文參考書目。
翻譯出來的參考書目按以下格式編排：
編號，作者名，《書名》，出版單位，年份和版次。
希望我的回答可以對你有幫助。
⑧ 這些參考文獻怎麼翻譯成英文
中文參考文獻要翻譯成英文嗎：是在甚麼場合使用？如果是發表在中文刊物，無需翻譯參考文獻，翻譯篇名、摘要和關鍵詞就能夠了。如果是對外學術交換，應當把論文全篇包括參考文獻都翻譯為英語。
⑨ 有做軍事論文翻譯的嗎
軍事論文翻譯的話，你可以去找些翻譯公司看看，推薦Unitrans世聯翻譯公司你參考下的，他們在中國與國家外文出版局、外交部翻譯室、中國國際廣播電台、中央民族語文翻譯局、空軍海軍翻譯室、北京外國語大學、北京第二外國語學院、解放軍外國語學院、北京語言大學、世界500強駐華企業等機構的近1000名同傳譯員、資深翻譯、語言教授、海歸博士、外籍譯審建立了長期的合作關系。 具體軍事論文翻譯的問題的話，建議你直接咨詢下他們吧。
⑩ 英文的參考文獻翻譯成中文
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