Ⅰ 畢業設計有中英文摘要的部分怎麼寫啊
先寫中文摘要,再把中文翻譯成英文。推薦同時使用有道和谷歌,對比撰寫。個人經驗。
Ⅱ 在哪裡找畢業設計的外文翻譯!中英文都有的
(⊙o⊙)…網上免費的翻譯都是機械翻譯,錯誤一堆堆的!找個外語系的大神幫幫忙吧,完了請吃飯!
網上好像也有收費的翻譯的!不過還是建議找人靠譜!
滿意的話請採納下!😊謝謝
Ⅲ 求畢業設計中英文翻譯,土木路橋的3000字以上
土木工程路橋專業論文的寫作格式、流程與寫作技巧 廣義來說,凡屬論述科學技術內容的作品,都稱作科學著述,如原始論著(論文)、簡報、綜合報告、進展報告、文獻綜述、述評、專著、匯編、教科書和科普讀物等。但其中只有原始論著及其簡報是原始的、主要的、第一性的、涉及到創造發明等知識產權的。其它的當然也很重要,但都是加工的、發展的、為特定應用目的和對象而撰寫的。下面僅就論文的撰寫談一些體會。在討論論文寫作時也不準備談有關稿件撰寫的各種規定及細則。主要談的是論文寫作中容易發生的問題和經驗,是論文寫作道德和書寫內容的規范問題。論文寫作的要求下面按論文的結構順序依次敘述。(一)論文——題目科學論文都有題目,不能「無題」。論文題目一般20字左右。題目大小應與內容符合,盡量不設副題,不用第1報、第2報之類。論文題目都用直敘口氣,不用驚嘆號或問號,也不能將科學論文題目寫成廣告語或新聞報道用語。(二)論文——署名科學論文應該署真名和真實的工作單位。主要體現責任、成果歸屬並便於後人追蹤研究。嚴格意義上的論文作者是指對選題、論證、查閱文獻、方案設計、建立方法、實驗操作、整理資料、歸納總結、撰寫成文等全過程負責的人,應該是能解答論文的有關問題者。現在往往把參加工作的人全部列上,那就應該以貢獻大小依次排列。論文署名應徵得本人同意。學術指導人根據實際情況既可以列為論文作者,也可以一般致謝。行政領導人一般不署名。(三)論文——引言 是論文引人入勝之言,很重要,要寫好。一段好的論文引言常能使讀者明白你這份工作的發展歷程和在這一研究方向中的位置。要寫出論文立題依據、基礎、背景、研究目的。要復習必要的文獻、寫明問題的發展。文字要簡練。(四)論文——材料和方法 按規定如實寫出實驗對象、器材、動物和試劑及其規格,寫出實驗方法、指標、判斷標准等,寫出實驗設計、分組、統計方法等。這些按雜志 對論文投稿規定辦即可。(五)論文——實驗結果 應高度歸納,精心分析,合乎邏輯地鋪述。應該去粗取精,去偽存真,但不能因不符合自己的意圖而主觀取捨,更不能弄虛作假。只有在技術不熟練或儀器不穩定時期所得的數據、在技術故障或操作錯誤時所得的數據和不符合實驗條件時所得的數據才能廢棄不用。而且必須在發現問題當時就在原始記錄上註明原因,不能在總結處理時因不合常態而任意剔除。廢棄這類數據時應將在同樣條件下、同一時期的實驗數據一並廢棄,不能只廢棄不合己意者。實驗結果的整理應緊扣主題,刪繁就簡,有些數據不一定適合於這一篇論文,可留作它用,不要硬行拼湊到一篇論文中。論文行文應盡量採用專業術語。能用表的不要用圖,可以不用圖表的最好不要用圖表,以免多佔篇幅,增加排版困難。文、表、圖互不重復。實驗中的偶然現象和意外變故等特殊情況應作必要的交代,不要隨意丟棄。(六)論文——討論 是論文中比較重要,也是比較難寫的一部分。應統觀全局,抓住主要的有爭議問題,從感性認識提高到理性認識進行論說。要對實驗結果作出分析、推理,而不要重復敘述實驗結果。應著重對國內外相關文獻中的結果與觀點作出討論,表明自己的觀點,尤其不應迴避相對立的觀點。 論文的討論中可以提出假設,提出本題的發展設想,但分寸應該恰當,不能寫成「科幻」或「暢想」。(七)論文——結語或結論 論文的結語應寫出明確可靠的結果,寫出確鑿的結論。論文的文字應簡潔,可逐條寫出。不要用「小結」之類含糊其辭的詞。(八)論文——參考義獻 這是論文中很重要、也是存在問題較多的一部分。列出論文參考文獻的目的是讓讀者了解論文研究命題的來龍去脈,便於查找,同時也是尊重前人勞動,對自己的工作有準確的定位。因此這里既有技術問題,也有科學道德問題。一篇論文中幾乎自始至終都有需要引用參考文獻之處。如論文引言中應引上對本題最重要、最直接有關的文獻;在方法中應引上所採用或借鑒的方法;在結果中有時要引上與文獻對比的資料;在討論中更應引上與 論文有關的各種支持的或有矛盾的結果或觀點等。一切粗心大意,不查文獻;故意不引,自鳴創新;貶低別人,抬高自己;避重就輕,故作姿態的做法都是錯誤的。而這種現象現在在很多論文中還是時有所見的,這應該看成是利研工作者的大忌。其中,不查文獻、漏掉重要文獻、故意不引別人文獻或有意貶損別人工作等錯誤是比較明顯、容易發現的。有些做法則比較隱蔽,如將該引在引言中的,把它引到討論中。這就將原本是你論文的基礎或先導,放到和你論文平起平坐的位置。又如 科研工作總是逐漸深人發展的,你的工作總是在前人工作基石出上發展起來做成的。正確的寫法應是,某年某人對本題做出了什麼結果,某年某人在這基礎上又做出了什麼結果,現在我在他們基礎上完成了這一研究。這是實事求是的態度,這樣表述絲毫無損於你的貢獻。有些論文作者卻不這樣表述,而是說,某年某人做過本題沒有做成,某年某人又做過本題仍沒有做成,現在我做成了。這就不是實事求是的態度。這樣有時可以糊弄一些不明真相的外行人,但只需內行人一戳,紙老虎就破,結果弄巧成拙,喪失信譽。這種現象在現實生活中還是不少見的。(九)論文——致謝 論文的指導者、技術協助者、提供特殊試劑或器材者、經費資助者和提出過重要建議者都屬於致謝對象。論文致謝應該是真誠的、實在的,不要庸俗化。不要泛泛地致謝、不要只謝教授不謝旁人。寫論文致謝前應徵得被致謝者的同意,不能拉大旗作虎皮。(十)論文——摘要或提要:以200字左右簡要地概括論文全文。常放篇首。論文摘要需精心撰寫,有吸引力。要讓讀者看了論文摘要就像看到了論文的縮影,或者看了論文摘要就想繼續看論文的有關部分。此外,還應給出幾個關鍵詞,關鍵詞應寫出真正關鍵的學術詞彙,不要硬湊一般性用詞。
Luqiao civil engineering specialty paper writing format, processes and writing skills, and whoever is for general discussion of the scientific and technological content, are called scientific works, such as original memoirs (paper), presentation, comprehensive report, progress report and literature review, commentary, monographs, assembly, textbooks and scientific literature, etc. But only the original works and presentation is original, major, first, involves the invention of intellectual property, etc. Other certainly also is very important, but are processing, development, application for specific purposes and object. Below is the only write papers about some experience. In the discussion paper writing isn't going to talk about the manuscript writing various regulations and rules. The writing is mainly about the problems occurred in writing and experience, is the content of moral and writing rules. According to the requirements of essay writing papers below the narrative structure sequence. (a) papers - subject, have scientific papers cannot "poems". Paper topic generally 20 words. Topic and content, size should as far as possible, do not set subtitle 1, 2 newspaper. With ZhiXu dissertation5 topic, no doubt, also cannot mark or scientific papers written advertisement or news topic. (2) papers - signature scientific papers should name and real work (unit. Main responsibility, belonging to reflect and to facilitate follow-up study later. Strictly thesis refers to the subject, demonstration, literature, design, build, test methods, material, operation, summarizes the whole written, should be responsible for the relevant problems can answer papers. Now people tend to work on all, it should contribute to the order. Papers should get signed consent. According to the actual situation of academic guiding people can be classified as the authors, also can generally. Administrative leaders generally don't sign. (3) papers - introction is fascinating, is very important to write well. A DuanHaoDe paper quotes can often make readers understand your job development and research direction in this position. To write papers LiTi basis, foundation, background, research objective. To review the necessary documents, indicate the problem. Simple words. (4) papers - materials and methods according to the regulations, write experiment object facts, animal and reagents and specifications, experimental method, the index, criterion, etc, the design of experiments, grouping and statistics methods. According to these regulations for paper submitted to the journal. (5) papers - experimental results should be highly inctive logical analysis, and elaborate display. Should the true and false, discards the dross and selects the essential, but not because they do not meet their intentions and subjective choice, more can't cheat. Not only in technology or instrument data from the period of instability in technology, fault or error data and doesn't accord with the experimental data from the condition can be abandoned. But must problems have been found in the original records then indicate the reasons, not in the treatment of normal and any disagreement. These data should be abandoned in the same condition, the same period of experimental data, not only with abandoned their not abandoned. Experimental results on track4 arrangement should, graceful, some data not suitable for this paper, can save it, don't do a piece to hard in the papers. Papers should be adopted professional term style. Use the table with graph, can not do the best don't use charts and avoid many pages of charts, increase typesetting difficulties. Wen, tables, graphs mutually repetition. The experiment by accident and special cases such as changes necessary, don't throw them away. (6) is discussed in the paper, paper, and also more important part of writing is difficult. With everything taken into consideration, seize the major should be controversial issues, from perceptual knowledge to rational understanding. To make an analysis of the experimental results, the reasoning, and do not repeat narrative experimental results. Should focus on the related literature at home and abroad to discuss with the result that his own opinions, especially should not avoid the opposite view. The paper discussed hypothesis can, in the development of ontology, but should be proper, can proper written "science" or "imagination". (7) papers, endnotes or conclusions should write clearly the conclusion of the paper reliable results, the conclusions. Write conclusive The paper should be concise, can literally text. Do not use "summary" ambiguous word. (8) papers - this is offering reference righteousness is an important papers, and existing problems of more. The paper lists reference purpose is to let the reader know the ins and outs of research propositions for search, also respect the previous work, for his work is accurate positioning. So here are both technical problems, and scientific moral problems. An essay in almost all necessary throughout the reference. This introction should be led to ontology is the most important and directly relevant literature, In the method should be adopted in the owner or reference method, Sometimes in the literature of the owner to comparative data, In discussions with the relevant papers should be led all kinds of support or conflicting results or views. All carelessness, don't check literature, Intentionally don't lead, itself, innovation, To tease others overinflate, The trivial, posturings practices are wrong. This phenomenon is now in many papers or see somewhat, it should be considered as the big fear the research workers. Among them, don't find missing important documents and literature, intentionally don't lead others denouncing others work or documents such mistakes is more apparent, easy to find. Some methods are compared, such as the lead concealed in the introction, it led to the discussion. It was originally you be the basis for an essay or put your papers, and the position of the second-best. And as research work is graally deep development, your work is always in the previous work on the foundation of the development. The correct method, this should be made to the subject, what this person in this basis and made what results in them, now I completed this based on a research. This is the realistic manner, this statement harming your contribution. Some of the papers, authors did not say so, but this did not make someone this term, and done ontology is someone without, I now. It is not realistic manner. So sometimes can deceive some unknown, but just outside the truth is a paper tiger chuo, professional, the reputation. Outsmart oneself, This kind of phenomenon in real life or not. (9) papers - thanks to the thesis guides, and provide special agents or equipment, sponsors and raised funds thanks all belong to an important proponent. Papers should be sincere thanks, true of, don't vulgar. Don't thank broadly, not only professor xie xie others don't. Thanks for essay before the agreed to be thanked LaDaQi, cannot ZuoHuPi. (10) -- the papers in 200 words or abstract: briefly summarized about full papers. Always put this paper. The paper should carefully compose and attractive. Let the reader looked like see the epitome of the paper, or see the paper will continue to see the relevant papers. In addition, still should give a few words, keywords should write the real key to academic vocabulary, don't YingCou general terms.
Ⅳ 急急急求鋼結構中英文翻譯3000字左右
鋼結構住宅是十五期間我國將重點推廣的項目,其具有強度高、結構尺寸小、自重輕、施工速度快,抗震性能好及工業化程度高的特點。本文首先介紹了鋼結構住宅的發展現狀及它的特點,然後對鋼結構住宅的發展前景進行了分析和展望。
關鍵詞:鋼結構,鋼結構住宅,發展前景
1 鋼結構建築及鋼結構住宅發展現狀
1.1 鋼結構建築的發展現狀
改革開放以來,我國的鋼產量有了很大的提高,特別是從1997年以後,我國的鋼產量突破1億噸,但我國的鋼結構用鋼量占總鋼產量的比例僅為3%左右,而在鋼結構用鋼量中,建築鋼結構用鋼量又僅佔10%,這與我國作為產鋼大國的地位是很不相稱的,為此,國家外經貿委會同冶金部制定了在建築工程中推廣使用鋼結構的一系列政策措施,鼓勵建築工程採用鋼結構形式,爭取在2010年建築鋼結構的用量達到總鋼產量的6%。
2 鋼結構住宅相比傳統結構形式住宅的優勢分析
2.1 鋼結構住宅結構上的優勢
2.1.1 能合理布置功能區間
利用鋼材強度高的特點,設計可採用大開間布置,使建築平面能夠合理分隔,靈活方便,創造開放式住宅。而傳統結構(磚混結構、砼結構)由於材料性質限制了空間布置的自由,如果開間過大,就會造成板厚、梁高、柱大,出現「肥梁胖柱」現象,不但影響美觀,而且自重增大,增加造價,購房者在二次裝飾時,經常由於自行改變牆體位置,增加隱患。
2.1.2 鋼結構住宅空間利用率高
在空間使用率上,鋼結構的斷面小,與鋼筋混凝土結構相比可增加建築有效面積8%左右。在建築風格上,鋼結構建築也更顯靈活豐富,戶內空間可多方案分割,可以滿足不同用戶的需求。
2.1.3 自重輕、抗震性能好
相同建築面積的建築樓層,鋼結構自重輕,根據比較,六層輕鋼結構住宅的重量,僅相當於四層磚混結構住宅的重量。而且鋼材具有延性,能比較好的消耗地震帶來的能量,所以抗震性能好,結構安全度高。
2.2 鋼結構住宅經濟性優勢
2.2.1 施工方便、工期短
鋼結構構件,可以實行工廠化生產,現場安裝。由於現場作業量小,對周圍環境污染少,同時,施工機械化程度高,加快了施工速度。根據統計,同樣面積建築物,鋼結構比砼結構工期可縮短1/3,而且可節省支模材料。
2.2.2 綜合造價低
由於自重輕,基礎費用降低,總體用料減少,直接成本降低,建設工期短,間接費又可減少,所以綜合造價低。
2.2.3符合住宅產業化和可持續發展的要求
鋼結構適宜工廠大批量生產,工業化程度高,並且能將節能、防水、隔熱、門窗等先進成品集合於一體,成套應用,將設計、生產、施工一體化,提高住宅產業化的水平。
另外,鋼材報廢後可實現100%廢品再回收利用,所以稱「鋼結構建築」為「綠色建築」毫不為過,它是適應我們人類可持續發展戰略的新型建築形式。
3 鋼結構住宅發展阻力(頸瓶)分析
3.1 社會認可度
鋼結構住宅的發展面臨的首要問題是整個社會對這種新住宅體系的接受需要一個過程。輕鋼結構住宅體系是在國外尤其是北美地區木結構住宅的基礎上發展起來的,這兩種體系雖然在國外已經十分成熟和完善,但是對於我國來說卻完全是新東西,因而各種困難幾乎無處不在。中國的消費者由於長期以來住慣了磚混或鋼筋混凝土結構的住宅,從慢慢開始接受到逐步喜歡輕鋼結構住宅,也需要一個漸進的過程。
3.2發展鋼結構住宅技術上還不夠成熟
鋼結構體系住宅成套技術,由於過去缺乏技術引導,市場需求沒有達到產業化程度,因此,我國的相關產品功能性單一,工業化程度不高,產品質量還不能滿足住宅產業化標準的要求。目前,該技術零散而不系統,技術水平及標准參差不齊,不配套,需進一步研究創新並進行整合。
此外,在建材和部品方面,目前建造輕鋼結構試驗工程所需材料許多要從國外運來,甚至有些由外商在中國大陸委託加工的部件,往往也只能到國外去采購,在國內市場上一時還找不到。這也制約了鋼結構住宅的發展和推廣。
3.3 專業技術人才缺乏
在人員方面,由於國內無論中等或是高等專業學校的教學內容中均少涉及輕鋼結構住宅體系,因此我國建築類專業的工程技術人員對這一體系知之甚少,而更加缺乏的是熟練技術工人,所以雖然這一體系單純從技術層面上講並無多少難度,但真正推行起來卻往往缺乏得力的骨幹。
3.4 工程造價問題
目前輕鋼結構住宅在我國大陸的報價大約是同條件傳統混凝土結構住宅的1.5倍左右,國內消費者近期還難以接受。然而這種價格在國外比起其它結構形式住宅的造價來說,卻具有很強的競爭力,這也就是為什麼輕鋼結構住宅體系在國外能夠蓬勃發展的原因。任何新技術的產生與發展都是與所處社會的技術經濟背景相聯系、相適應的,目前美、日、歐等發達國家和地區,人均GDP約為我國的40至50倍,勞動力價格約為我國的20至30倍,因此,符合產業化生產方式的輕鋼結構住宅在發達國家遠比我國更易被市場接受。而我國由於科技和生產力發展水平較低,勞動力價格便宜,盡管輕鋼結構住宅的性能和舒適度較高,但其對於傳統建築形式住宅的競爭優勢反倒不夠明顯。因而市場接受起來比較緩慢。
3.5缺乏有針對性的鋼結構住宅規范及相應標准
我國的標准規范是針對幾十年來大量使用的結構體系編制的,輕鋼結構住宅體系此前在我國屬於技術空白,所以不能滿足我國現行強制性規范的某些條文。例如我國建國以後建造的建築物多採用磚石和鋼筋混凝土等耐火性能好的建築材料,由此導致我國的《建築設計防火規范》在材料選用方面似乎較國外苛刻,輕鋼結構住宅難以滿足其要求。這種與國內規范不銜接的狀況,使輕鋼結構住宅項目無論在工程報建階段還是在工程驗收階段,都會遇到數不盡的障礙與麻煩。
3.6 鋼結構住宅本身缺陷
鋼結構防火能力差。經過防火處理的鋼結構的耐火時間也只有2~3個小時,遠遠遜色於磚石和鋼筋混凝土等耐火性能好的建築材料。
3.7缺乏相適應的建築管理模式
在建築管理方面,我國現行的建築管理模式與輕鋼結構住宅這種工業化生產方式也不適應,我國加入WTO以後,國外許多住宅生產企業希望進入中國大陸市場,但是他們搞不清自己來到中國後應當申領什麼資質,屬於什麼身份--設計單位?施工單位?集成商?還是製造商?
4 鋼結構住宅發展前景展望
按發達國家的最低水平推算,我國鋼結構用鋼量至少有3600萬噸的發展空間。在近期內,國家將大力發展鋼結構建築,力爭每年建築鋼結構用鋼將佔全國鋼材總產量的3%以上,年均鋼材消費量為350萬噸至400萬噸;到2015年,將再翻一番,全國建築鋼結構用鋼材占鋼材總產量的6%以上,由此可見,鋼結構住宅市場前景十分廣闊。
4.1 適合建築用的特種鋼將不斷涌現
隨著我國鋼鐵企業冶煉技術的提高,為適應市場的需求,適合建築用的特種鋼必將不斷的涌現,例如寶鋼、武鋼等鋼鐵企業成功開發的耐火耐候鋼,它是通過合適的技術,使鋼材含有特定的成分(如加鉬等),使鋼材的表觀結構及金相組織發生變化,從而使鋼材本身生成所需的耐火性和耐候性。多種新型建築用鋼的出現將大力推動鋼結構住宅的發展。
4.2 國家將重點支持輕鋼結構住宅的建設
輕鋼結構住宅建設在我國才剛剛涉入,我國現在是一個產鋼大國,年產量3億多噸,發展鋼結構住宅有很大的潛力。上世紀90年代,國家建設部和國家經貿委一致通過,將「輕型鋼結構住宅建築通用體系的開發和應用」作為我國建築業用鋼的突破點,並正式列入國家重點技術創新項目。這一舉措為我國的鋼結構發展奠定了基礎。如今,由於國家的宏觀調控作用,房市出現了前所未有的低迷,在這個時機推出鋼結構住宅,利用鋼結構住宅的優勢來吸引市民目光,刺激消費,增加市場的購買力,有著事半功倍的作用。現在發展輕鋼結構住宅正逢其時。
4.3 鋼結構住宅建築技術將不斷發展
隨著鋼結構建築的發展,鋼結構住宅建築技術也必將不斷的成熟,大量的適合鋼結構住宅的新材料也將不斷的涌現,同時,鋼結構行業建築規范、建築標准也將隨之逐漸完善。相信不久的將來,鋼結構住宅必然會給住宅產業和建築行業帶來了一場深層次的革命。
4.4發展鋼結構住宅是我國住宅產業化的必由之路
住宅產業化是我國住宅業發展的必由之路,因為這將成為推動我國經濟發展新的增長點。鋼結構住宅體系易於實現工業化生產,標准化製作,而與之相配套的牆體材料可以採用節能、環保的新型材料,它屬綠色環保性建築,可再生重復利用,符合可持續發展的戰略,因此鋼結構體系住宅成套技術的研究成果必將大大促進住宅產業化的快速發展,直接影響著我國住宅產業的發展水平和前途。
5 結論
如果說鋼筋混凝土結構的發展使施工從手工進入了機械化,那麼鋼結構的應用就將使住宅施工實現現代化,鋼結構住宅將成為建築現代化發展的一個重要標志。
「鋼結構是環保住宅,鋼結構符合可持續發展概念」——21世紀鋼結構將佔領廣闊的建築市場。在我國目前大力推廣住宅產業化的時代背景下,鋼結構體系必將成為住宅結構體系的主流。
Ⅳ 我急需一篇關於土木工程的中英文翻譯論文 5000字 畢業用的
我畢業設計的時候翻譯過英文論文,不過只有3000字,不知道行不行,如果需要給我發信息。
Ⅵ 求畢業設計中英文翻譯5000字左右的文章
電子商務(Electronic Commerce,簡稱E-commerce)是在網際網路開放的網路環境下,基於瀏覽器/伺服器應用方式,實現消費者的網上購物、商戶之間的網上交易和在線電子支付的一種新型的商業運營模式。網際網路上的電子商務可以分為三個方面:信息服務、交易和支付。主要內容包括:電子商情廣告;電子選購和交易、電子交易憑證的交換;電子支付與結算以及售後的網上服務等。主要交易類型有企業與個人的交易(B2C)和企業之間的交易(B2B)及個人與個人之間的交易(C2C)等。JSP(Java Server Page)是基於Java語言但與平台無關的動態Web開發技術,有很高的運行效率,開發周期比較短,擴展能力比較強, 具有開放性、跨平台性、可擴充性和可重用性等特點。JAVABEAN是一種Java的類,通過封裝成為具有某種功能或者處理某個業務的對象,可以通過嵌在JSP頁面內的Java代碼訪問Bean及其方法。網上手機商城是基於JSP/JAVABEAN技術建立的一個WEB應用程序,分前台商品展示及銷售、後台管理2部分,是一種典型的B2C電子商務模式,實現了電子商務的主要功能。
E-commerce (Electronic Commerce, is abbreviated as E-commerce) employs the way on the basis of the browser / server under the environment of Internet's open network, realize consumers' online shopping, online trade between the trade companies and a new kind of commercial operation modes paid by mails online. E-commerce on Internet can be divided into three respects: Information service, trade and paying. The main content includes: Electronic market conditions advertisement; The electron is chosen and exchange of trade, electronic trade evidence; Paying by mails and settling account and online service after sale,etc.. The main trade type is trade (C2C) of trade (B2B) and indivial and man-to-man bet between enterprises and personal trade (B2C) and enterprise,etc.. JSP (Java Server Page) is that dynamic Web based on that Java has nothing to do but with the platform develops technology, there is very high operational efficiency, development period is shorter, it is stronger to expand ability, have opening, step the platform, expandability and reusable characteristic. JAVABEAN is kind of a kind of Java, become through encapsulating and have a certain function or target of dealing with a certain business, can visit Bean and method in JSP page Java code inside through inlaying. The online mobile phone store is a WEB application program based on that JSP/JAVABEAN technology sets up, divide into 2 parts of goods show of the front desk and sale, back-stage management, It is a kind of typical B2C e-commerce mode, realize the main function of e-commerce.
「電子商務是21世紀經濟增長的發動機」 ,它不但在微觀上影響企業的經營行為和消費者的消費行為,而且從宏觀上影響到國際貿易關系和國家未來競爭力。本文針對電子商務在我國的發展現狀,分析了在發展中存在的問題,提出相應的解決方法和建議,根據物力、財力和人才來發展我國電子商務,探索中國電子商務發展道路。
這里將從電子商務的內涵和特點以及電子商務現今發展狀況和趨勢兩個方面概述電子商務,以對電子商務有直觀的認識和理解。之後對我國電子商務的發展過程作簡要回顧,從環境狀況、行業和地區狀況等方面對我國電子商務的發展現狀作詳細分析並表述電子商務在我國對外貿易中的地位和作用,分析在發展中存在的問題,如缺乏戰略規劃和政策支持上的不足、相應法律法規標准規范的滯後等。最後針對問題提出對策和建議,包括政府對策和對企業、個人的要求等等,並預測展望電子商務的發展趨勢和方向,以期對我國電子商務的健康發展能起到一定推動作用。
"The electronic commerce 21 century economy grows engine",It not only in on microscopic affects the enterprise the management behavior and consumer's expense behavior, moreover from on macroscopic will affect the international trade relations and the country future the competitive ability. This article in view of the electronic commerce in our country development present situation, has analyzed the question which exists in the development, proposed the corresponding solution and the suggestion, according to the physical resource, the financial resource and the talented person develops our country electronic commerce, explores the China electronic commerce development path.
Here nowadays develops the condition and the tendency two aspects from the electronic commerce connotation and the characteristic as well as the electronic commerce outlines the electronic commerce, by will have the direct-viewing understanding and the understanding to the electronic commerce. Makes the brief review afterwards to our country electronic commerce developing process, from aspect and so on environment condition, profession and local condition makes the multianalysis to our country electronic commerce development present situation and indicates the electronic commerce in our country foreign trade status and the function, analyzes question which exists in the development, like lacks in the strategic plan and the policy support is insufficient, the corresponding legal laws and regulations standard standard lag and so on. Finally aims at the question to propose the countermeasure and the suggestion, including government countermeasure and to enterprise, indivial request and so on, and the forecast forecast electronic commerce development tendency and the direction, can play the certain impetus role by the time to our country electronic commerce health development .
摘 要]本文在概述電子商務中的隱私權與知情權及其保護問題的基礎上,探討了電子商務中隱私權與知情權的沖突問題,進而提出了解決二者沖突的原則及辦法。
[關鍵詞]電子商務 隱私權 知情權
電子商務是全球經濟一體化背景下產生的一種全新的商業機制,具有高效率、無疆界、無時限和低成本等特點,受到全球各國政府和企業界的廣泛重視,已成為21世紀初全球經濟最大增長點之一。電子商務對現行的法律制度產生了巨大沖擊,如本文將要探討的隱私權和知情權從來就是一雙對立的法學范疇,它們代表了不同方面的精神利益,而在信息時代的電子商務中,這兩種權利的沖突則更加突出,所以我們有必要對電子商務中的隱私權與知情權進行探討,並試圖尋求協調二者沖突的辦法。
1 電子商務中的隱私及其保護
(1)電子商務中的隱私權及其內容。
隱私權是自然人享有的對其個人的、與公共利益無關的個人信息、私人活動和私有領域進行支配的一種人格權。隱私權作為一項獨立的民事權利已被許多國家的憲法和法律以及國際人權組織的文件所確認和保護。在我國,《民法通則》對隱私權原則地規定為公民的人格尊嚴受法律保護。最高人民法院的兩項司法解釋,將侵害他人隱私的行為認定為是侵害他人名譽權的一種行為。隱私權作為一種具體人格權,其基本內容主要包括隱私隱瞞權、隱私利用權、隱私維護權和隱私支配權等四項權利。
隨著電子商務的迅猛發展,人們出於網路交易的需要,必須在網路上向各類經營者提供包括自己個人資料在內的隱私,而且消費者在網上的「行蹤」,如個人所到訪的網站、消費習慣、閱讀習慣甚至信用記錄等也常常在不知不覺中被記錄下來。而這些個人資料又可能被收集者轉售給其他商業組織。所以,在這種情形之下,人們對參與電子商務是否會暴露自己個人隱私十分關注 在電子商務中對隱私權的保護主要集中在3個方面。
①個人資料的隱私權保護。
②通信秘密與通信自由的保護 。
③個人生活安寧的保護。
abstract ] this article with to know the circumstances of the matter the power in the outline electronic commerce right of privacy and its in the protection question foundation, discussed in the electronic commerce the right of privacy with to know the circumstances of the matter the power conflict question, then proposed the solution two conflict principle and the means. [ Key word ] the electronic commerce right of privacy knows the circumstances of the matter the power The electronic commerce is one kind of brand-new commercial mechanism which under the whole world economic integration background proces, has the high efficiency, boundless characteristic and so on, does not have time limit and low cost, receives the global various countries government and the enterprise widely takes, has become at the beginning of for the 21st century one of global economy biggest growth. The electronic commerce has had the huge impact to the present legal system, if this article is going to discuss the right of privacy and knows the circumstances of the matter the power always is a pair of opposition legal science category, they have represented the different aspect spiritual benefit, but in information time electronic commerce, these two kind of rights conflict then is more prominent, therefore we have the necessity with to know the circumstances of the matter the power to in the electronic commerce right of privacy to carry on the discussion, and attempts to seek the coordinated two conflict the means. In 1 electronic commerce privacy and its protection (1) in electronic commerce right of privacy and its content. The right of privacy is the natural person enjoys to its indivial, indivial information, the personal activity and the private domain which has nothing to do with with the public interest carries on the control one kind of personality power. The right of privacy took an independent civil right already confirms by many national constitutions and legal as well as the international human rights organization's document and the protection. In our country, "General provisions of the civil law" stipulates to the right of privacy principle for citizen's personal dignity the legal protection. The Supreme People's Court's two judicial interpretation, will violate the other people privacy the behavior to recognize for will be violates the other people right of reputation one kind of behavior. The right of privacy took one kind of concrete personality power, its basic content mainly includes the privacy to conceal the power, the privacy use power, the privacy maintenance power and the privacy right to control and so on four rights. Along with electronic commerce swift and violent development, the people stemming from the network transaction need, must provide including the oneself indivial material in the network to each kind of operator the privacy, moreover consumer on-line "whereabouts", like indivial arrives the website, the expense custom, the reading custom credit record which visits and so on also frequently in unconsciously center is even recorded. But these indivial materials are possibly given by the collection resale other commercial organizations. Therefore, under this kind of situation, the people to participate in the electronic commerce whether can expose the oneself indivial privacy extremely to pay attention in the electronic commerce the protection mainly concentrates to the right of privacy in 3 aspects. (1) indivial material right of privacy protection. (2) correspondence secret and correspondence free protection. (3) indivial life peaceful protection.
Ⅶ 畢業設計中英文翻譯主要研究什麼方面
我可以好專心好
Ⅷ 鋼結構設計圖紙中英文字母代表什麼含義
句子廠一點吧,光這個看不出
Ⅸ 跪求:3000字左右機械文章中英文對照(畢業設計論文翻譯)在線等
你就找在線翻印吧,老師也沒有閑情去看英語版本的