① 求道路方面的畢業論文的外文翻譯資料！
物流一詞源於英文的」logistics」，原意是軍事後勤保障，在第二方世界大戰以後被廣泛地應用於經濟領域。美國物流管理協會對物流的定義為」物流是為滿足消費者需求而進行的對原材料、中間產品、最終產品及相關信息從起始地到消費地的有效流動與存儲的、實施和控制的過程」。
物流由四個關鍵部分組成：實質流動、實質存儲、信息流動及管理協調。物流的主要功能是創造時間效用和空間效用，主要方式是通過倉儲克服空間距離。
第三方物流是在物流渠道中由中間商提供的服務，中間商以合同的形式在一定期限內提供需的全部或部分物流服務。第三方物流公司是一個為外部客戶管理、控制和提供物流服務作業的公司。
據統計，歐洲目前使用第三方物流服務的比例為76％，美國約為58％，且其需求仍在增長；歐洲24％和美國33％的非第三方物流服務用戶正在積極考慮使用第三方物流服務。第三方物流作為一個提高物資流通速度、節省倉儲費用和資金在途費用的有效手段，已經越來越引起人們的高度重視。
一、使用第三方物流的優越性
使用第三方物流產可以給企業帶來眾多益處，主要表現在：
1、集中主業
生產企業使用第三方物流可以使企業實現資源的優化配置，將有限的人力、財力集中於核心精力，進行重點研究，發展基本技術，開發新產品參與世界競爭，增強企業的核心競爭力。
2、節省費用
專業的第三方物流提供者利用規模生產的專業優勢和成本優勢，通過提供各環節能力的利用率實現費用節省，使企業能從分離費用結構中獲益。生產企業隨著規模的不斷擴大，對營銷服務的任何程度的深入參與，都會引起費用的大幅度增長，只有使用專業服務公司提供的公共服務，才能夠減少額外損失。根據美國田納西大學、英國EXEL公司和美國EMST&YOUNG咨詢公司共同組織的一項調查顯示：很多貨主表示，使用第三方物流使他們的物流成本平均下降了1.18％，貨物周轉期平均從7.1天縮短到3.9天，庫存降低了8.2％。
3、減少庫存
第三方物流服務提供者藉助精心策劃的物流和適時的運送手段，最大限度地減少庫存，改善了企業的現金流量，實現成本優勢。
4、提升企業形象
第三方物流服務提供與顧客是一種戰略夥伴關系，第三方物流提供者利用完備的設施和訓練有素的員工對整個供應鏈實現完全的控制，減少物流的復雜性，通過自己的網路體系幫助顧客改進服務，不僅樹立自己的品牌形象，而且使顧客在競爭中脫穎而出。
二、我國企業在使用第三方物流方面存在的問題
盡管與第三方物流公司合作有很多優勢，但是很多企業並不是將更多的物流業務外包出去，原因歸結為：
1、抵制變化
很多公司不願意通過物流外包的方式來改變現在的精力模式。尤其是一些國有企業，物
流業務外包還將意味著解僱大批員工，這對於國有企業的管理者來說意味著一個非常大的風險。
2、缺乏認識
企業對於第三方物流公司的認識程度普遍還很低，企業沒有認識到供應鏈管理在企業競爭中的巨大作用。
3、害怕失去控制
由於供應鏈的實施在提高公司競爭力方面的重要作用，很多公司寧願有一個小而全的物流部門，也不情願將這些功能交給別人，主要原因是擔心如果失去內部物流能力，會在客戶交往和其他方面過度依賴第三方物流公司。
4、物流業務外包本身有其復雜性
供應鏈物流業務通常和公司其他業務，如財務、營銷或生產集成在一起，物流業務外包本身就具有復雜性。對一些實際業務，包括運輸和倉儲的集成可能會帶來組織上、行政上和實施上的一系列問題。此外，公司內部信息系統的集成性特點，使得把物流業務交給第三方物流公司來運作變得很困難。
5、衡量物流外包的效果受諸多因素的影響
准確地衡量物流成本對信息技術和人力資源的影響比較困難。很難確定物流業務外包到底能夠給企業帶來多少潛在的成本好外。另外，各個公司業務的獨特性和公司供應鏈作業能力，通常被認為是不宜向外部公開的內部信息，很難准確地比較公司間的供應鏈作業能力。
盡管有些生產企業已經意識到利用第三方物流可以給企業帶來很多好外，但是在實際應用時往往分成幾個步驟，同時選擇數個物流服務提供商作為合作夥伴，以避免將業務交由一個物流服務提供商而帶來的依賴性。
三、我國第三方物流企業在發展中遇到的問題
一個成功的物流企業，必須具備較大的運營規模，建立有效地地區覆蓋區域，具有強大的指揮和控制中心，具備高水準的綜合技術、財務資源和經營策略。
我國第三方物流企業在發展中遇到的問題可以歸納如下：
1、運營模式問題
目前世界大型物流公司大都採取總公司與分公司體制，總部採取集權式物流運作，以業務實行垂直管理。建立現代物流企業必須有一個能力很強、指揮靈活的調控中心對整個物流業務進行控制與協調。真正的現代物流必須是一個指揮中心、一個利潤中心，企業的組織、框架、體制等形式都要與一個中心相匹配。我國的物流企業在運營模式上存在問題，國外物流企業的管理模式值得國內物流企業借鑒。
2、倉儲或運輸能力欠缺
物流的主要功能是創造時間盜用和空間效用。就目前中國的第三方物流企業而言，有些公司偏重於倉儲，運輸能力不足；另外一些公司則是運輸車輛很多而在全國沒有多少倉庫，靠租用社會倉庫來完成對客戶的承諾。
3、網路問題
我國有幾家大的物流企業擁有全車性的倉儲網路或貨運網路，但是這個網路的覆蓋區域並不是十全十美的。客戶在選擇物流合作夥伴時，很關注網路的覆蓋區域及網路網點的密度問題。有關網點的建設問題應引起物流企業的重視。
4、信息技術
世界大的物流企業都擁有」一流三網」，即訂單信息流、全球供應鏈資源網路、全球用戶資源網路和計算機信息網路。憑借先進的計算機管理技術，這些物流客戶也是高附加值產品的生產企業，國內物流企業必須在信息系統上增加投入才可以改變自己的市場定位。
集中與整合是第三方物流企業的發展趨勢。原因是：第一，大的公司有意將供應鏈的主要環節外包給盡可能少的幾家物流公司；第二，建立一個高效的全球第三方物流企業所需資本的投入日益增加；第三，許多第三方物流供應商都通過兼並和聯合的方式來擴大其服務能力。
Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate procts, final procts and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "
Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.
Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.
According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.
First, the advantages of using a third-party logistics
The use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:
1, focus on core business
Manufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new procts in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.
2, cost-saving
Professional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass proction and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.
3, rection of inventory
Third-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.
4, enhance the corporate image
Third-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, recing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.
Second, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems in
While third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:
1, resistance to change
Many companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, were
Flow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.
2, lack of awareness
For third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.
3, fear of losing control
As a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.
4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexity
Supply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or proction of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.
5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factors
Accurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.
Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence.
Third, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered
A successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.
China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:
1, operating model
At present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.
2, the lack of storage or transport capacity
The primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers.
3, network problems
There are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.
4, information technology
The world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the proction of high value-added procts business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.
Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.
可以給我分了吧？ 嘿嘿
還有：http://www.wenluxuan.com/wlx/2008/12/lw_7986.html，看看是嗎！
② 急求土木工程道路方向的畢業設計外文翻譯，最好有中文譯文。
這是當年畢業時我的翻譯，因為原文有圖表等原文也超過10000字，沒法在這里發，如需要原文（pdf版及word版）及全部翻譯（5000字，中文），請留下郵箱。
摘要部分的翻譯：
各種斷面形狀鋼管混凝土的單軸應力應變關系
K.A.S. Susantha ， Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami*
土木工程學院，名古屋大學, Chikusa-ku ，名古屋 464-8603, 日本
收訖於2000年5月31日 ; 正式校定於2000年12月19日; 被認可於2001年2月14日
¬¬
摘要
一種預測受三軸壓應力混凝土的完全應力-應變曲線的方法被提出，這種三軸壓應力是由環形、箱形和八角形的鋼管混凝土中的限製作用導致的軸向荷載加測向壓力所產生的。有效的經驗公式被用來確定施加於環形鋼管混凝土柱內混凝土的側向壓力。FEM（有限元）分析法和混凝土-鋼箍交互作用模型已被用來估計施加於箱形和八角形柱的混凝土側向壓力。接著，進行了廣泛的參數研究，旨在提出一個經驗公式，確定不同的筒材料和結構特性下的最大平均側向壓力。如此計算出的側向壓力通過一個著名經驗公式確定出側向受限混凝土強度。對於高峰之後的應力-應變關系的確定，使用了有效的試驗結果。基於這些測試結果，和近似表達式來推算下降段的斜度和各種斷面形狀的筒內側向受限混凝土在確認的混凝土強度下的應變。推算出的混凝土強度和後峰值性能在允許的界限內與測試結果吻合得非常好。所提出的模型可用於包括樑柱構件在內的纖維分析，以確定抗震結構設計中混凝土填充鋼柱筒的極限狀態的推算標准。 •版權所有2001 Elsevier科學技術有限公司。
關鍵詞: 鋼管混凝土；限制；混凝土強度；延性；應力應變關系；纖維分析
Uniaxial stress–strain relationship of concrete confined by various shaped steel tubes
K.A.S. Susantha, Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami *
Department of Civil Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
Received 31 May 2000; received in revised form 19 December 2000; accepted 14 February 2001
Abstract
A method is presented to predict the complete stress–strain curve of concrete subjected to triaxial compressive stresses caused by axial load plus lateral pressure e to the confinement action in circular, box and octagonal shaped concrete-filled steel tubes. Available empirical formulas are adopted to determine the lateral pressure exerted on concrete in circular concrete-filled steel columns. To evaluate the lateral pressure exerted on the concrete in box and octagonal shaped columns, FEM analysis is adopted with the help of a concrete–steel interaction model. Subsequently, an extensive parametric study is concted to propose an empirical
equation for the maximum average lateral pressure, which depends on the material and geometric properties of the columns. Lateral pressure so calculated is correlated to confined concrete strength through a well known empirical formula. For determination of the post-peak stress–strain relation, available experimental results are used. Based on the test results, approximated expressions to predict the slope of the descending branch and the strain at sustained concrete strength are derived for the confined concrete in columns having each type of sectional shapes. The predicted concrete strength and post-peak behavior are found to exhibit good
agreement with the test results within the accepted limits. The proposed model is intended to be used in fiber analysis involving beam–column elements in order to establish an ultimate state prediction criterion for concrete-filled steel columns designed as earthquake resisting structures. •2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Concrete-filled tubes; Confinement; Concrete strength; Ductility; Stress–strain relation; Fiber analysis
1. Introction
Concrete-filled steel tubes (CFT) are becoming increasingly popular in recent decades e to their excellent earthquake resisting characteristics such as high ctility and improved strength. As a result, numerous experimental investigations have been carried out in recent years to examine the overall performance of CFT columns [1–11]. Although the behavior of CFT columns has been extensively examined, the concrete core confinement is not yet well understood. Many of the previous research works have been mainly focused on investigating the performance of CFT columns with various limitations. The main variables subjected to such limitations were the concrete strength, plate width-to- thickness (or radius-to-thickness) ratios and shapes of the sections. Steel strength, column slenderness ratio and rate of loading were also additionally considered. It is understandable that examination of the effects of all the above factors on performances of CFTs in a wider range, exclusively on experimental manner, is difficult and costly. This can be overcome by following a suitable numerical theoretical approach which is capable of handling many experimentally unmanageable situations. At present, finite element analysis (FEM) is considered as the most powerful and accurate tool to simulate the actual behavior of structures. The accurate constitutive relationships for materials are essential for reliable results when such analysis proceres are involved. For example, CFT behavior may well be investigated through a suitable FEM analysis procere, provided that appropriate steel and concrete material models are available. One of the simplest yet powerful techniques for the examination of CFTs is fiber analysis. In this procere the cross section is discretized into many small regions where a uniaxial constitutive relationship of either concrete or steel is assigned. This type of analysis can be employed to predict the load–displacement relationships of CFT columns designed as earthquake resisting structures. The accuracy involved with the fiber analysis is found to be quite satisfactory with respect to the practical design purposes.
At present, an accurate stress–strain relationship for steel, which is readily applicable in the fiber analysis, is currently available [12]. However, in the case of concrete, only a few models that are suited for such analysis can be found [3,8,9]. Among them, in Tomii and Sakino』s model [3], which is applicable to square shaped columns, the strength improvement e to confinement has been neglected. Tang et al. [8] developed a model for circular tubes by taking into account the effect of geometry and material properties on strength enhancement as well as the post-peak behavior. Watanabe et al. [9] concted model tests to determine a stress–strain relationship for confined concrete and subsequently proposed a method to analyze the ultimate behavior of concrete-filled box columns considering local buckling of component plates and initial imperfections. Among the other recent investigations, the work done by Schneider [10] investigated the effect of steel tube shape and wall thickness on the ultimate strength of the composite columns. El-Tawil and Deierlein [11] reviewed and evaluated the concrete encased composite design provisions of the American Concrete Institute Code (ACI 318) [13], the AISC-LRFD Specifications [14] and the AISC Seismic Provisions [15], based on fiber section analyses considering the inelastic behavior of steel and concrete.
In this study, an analytical approach based on the existing experimental results is attempted to determine a complete uniaxial stress–strain law for confined concrete in relatively thick-walled CFT columns. The primary objective of the proposed stress–strain model is its application in fiber analysis to investigate the inelastic behavior of CFT columns in compression or combined compression and bending. Such analyses are useful in establishing rational strength and ctility prediction proceres of seismic resisting structures. Three types of sectional shapes such as circular, box and octagonal are considered. A concrete–steel interaction model is employed to estimate the lateral pressure on concrete. Then, the maximum lateral pressure is correlated to the strength of confined concrete through an empirical formula. A method based on the results of fiber analysis using assumed concrete models is adopted to calibrate the post-peak behavior of the proposed model. Finally, the complete axial load–average axial strain curves obtained through the fiber analysis using the newly proposed material model are compared with the test results. It should be noted that a similar type of interaction model as used in this study has been adopted by Nishiyama et al. [16], which has been combined with a so called peak load condition line in order to determine the maximum lateral pressure on reinforced concrete columns.
Meanwhile, previous researches [17,18] indicate that the stress–strain relationship of concrete under compressive load histories proces an envelope curve identical to the stress–strain curve obtained under monotonic loading. Therefore, in further studies, the proposed confined uniaxial stress–strain law can be extended to a cyclic stress–strain relationship of confined concrete by including a suitable unloading/reloading stress–strain rule.
③ 道路畢業設計 摘要翻譯
Following is the design:Yanling is a section of the village of Mu (2km) mountain re-Hill area of conventional design of the highway. First, determine in accordance with road traffic levels, and topographic maps on line selection, alignment, and road design, longitudinal design, cross-sectional design, such as bridge and culvert installed. In addition, the section of the roadbed, road, drainage, slope protection, culvert and retaining walls throughout the detailed design.
Key words: flat curve; vertical curve; culvert; retaining wall; Concrete Pavement
④ 求畢業設計中英文翻譯，土木路橋的3000字以上
土木工程路橋專業論文的寫作格式、流程與寫作技巧 廣義來說，凡屬論述科學技術內容的作品，都稱作科學著述，如原始論著（論文）、簡報、綜合報告、進展報告、文獻綜述、述評、專著、匯編、教科書和科普讀物等。但其中只有原始論著及其簡報是原始的、主要的、第一性的、涉及到創造發明等知識產權的。其它的當然也很重要，但都是加工的、發展的、為特定應用目的和對象而撰寫的。下面僅就論文的撰寫談一些體會。在討論論文寫作時也不準備談有關稿件撰寫的各種規定及細則。主要談的是論文寫作中容易發生的問題和經驗，是論文寫作道德和書寫內容的規范問題。論文寫作的要求下面按論文的結構順序依次敘述。(一)論文——題目科學論文都有題目，不能「無題」。論文題目一般20字左右。題目大小應與內容符合，盡量不設副題，不用第1報、第2報之類。論文題目都用直敘口氣，不用驚嘆號或問號，也不能將科學論文題目寫成廣告語或新聞報道用語。(二)論文——署名科學論文應該署真名和真實的工作單位。主要體現責任、成果歸屬並便於後人追蹤研究。嚴格意義上的論文作者是指對選題、論證、查閱文獻、方案設計、建立方法、實驗操作、整理資料、歸納總結、撰寫成文等全過程負責的人，應該是能解答論文的有關問題者。現在往往把參加工作的人全部列上，那就應該以貢獻大小依次排列。論文署名應徵得本人同意。學術指導人根據實際情況既可以列為論文作者，也可以一般致謝。行政領導人一般不署名。(三)論文——引言 是論文引人入勝之言，很重要，要寫好。一段好的論文引言常能使讀者明白你這份工作的發展歷程和在這一研究方向中的位置。要寫出論文立題依據、基礎、背景、研究目的。要復習必要的文獻、寫明問題的發展。文字要簡練。(四)論文——材料和方法 按規定如實寫出實驗對象、器材、動物和試劑及其規格，寫出實驗方法、指標、判斷標准等，寫出實驗設計、分組、統計方法等。這些按雜志 對論文投稿規定辦即可。(五)論文——實驗結果 應高度歸納，精心分析，合乎邏輯地鋪述。應該去粗取精，去偽存真，但不能因不符合自己的意圖而主觀取捨，更不能弄虛作假。只有在技術不熟練或儀器不穩定時期所得的數據、在技術故障或操作錯誤時所得的數據和不符合實驗條件時所得的數據才能廢棄不用。而且必須在發現問題當時就在原始記錄上註明原因，不能在總結處理時因不合常態而任意剔除。廢棄這類數據時應將在同樣條件下、同一時期的實驗數據一並廢棄，不能只廢棄不合己意者。實驗結果的整理應緊扣主題，刪繁就簡，有些數據不一定適合於這一篇論文，可留作它用，不要硬行拼湊到一篇論文中。論文行文應盡量採用專業術語。能用表的不要用圖，可以不用圖表的最好不要用圖表，以免多佔篇幅，增加排版困難。文、表、圖互不重復。實驗中的偶然現象和意外變故等特殊情況應作必要的交代，不要隨意丟棄。(六)論文——討論 是論文中比較重要，也是比較難寫的一部分。應統觀全局，抓住主要的有爭議問題，從感性認識提高到理性認識進行論說。要對實驗結果作出分析、推理，而不要重復敘述實驗結果。應著重對國內外相關文獻中的結果與觀點作出討論，表明自己的觀點，尤其不應迴避相對立的觀點。 論文的討論中可以提出假設，提出本題的發展設想，但分寸應該恰當，不能寫成「科幻」或「暢想」。(七)論文——結語或結論 論文的結語應寫出明確可靠的結果，寫出確鑿的結論。論文的文字應簡潔，可逐條寫出。不要用「小結」之類含糊其辭的詞。(八)論文——參考義獻 這是論文中很重要、也是存在問題較多的一部分。列出論文參考文獻的目的是讓讀者了解論文研究命題的來龍去脈，便於查找，同時也是尊重前人勞動，對自己的工作有準確的定位。因此這里既有技術問題，也有科學道德問題。一篇論文中幾乎自始至終都有需要引用參考文獻之處。如論文引言中應引上對本題最重要、最直接有關的文獻;在方法中應引上所採用或借鑒的方法；在結果中有時要引上與文獻對比的資料；在討論中更應引上與 論文有關的各種支持的或有矛盾的結果或觀點等。一切粗心大意，不查文獻；故意不引，自鳴創新；貶低別人，抬高自己；避重就輕，故作姿態的做法都是錯誤的。而這種現象現在在很多論文中還是時有所見的，這應該看成是利研工作者的大忌。其中，不查文獻、漏掉重要文獻、故意不引別人文獻或有意貶損別人工作等錯誤是比較明顯、容易發現的。有些做法則比較隱蔽，如將該引在引言中的，把它引到討論中。這就將原本是你論文的基礎或先導，放到和你論文平起平坐的位置。又如 科研工作總是逐漸深人發展的，你的工作總是在前人工作基石出上發展起來做成的。正確的寫法應是，某年某人對本題做出了什麼結果，某年某人在這基礎上又做出了什麼結果，現在我在他們基礎上完成了這一研究。這是實事求是的態度，這樣表述絲毫無損於你的貢獻。有些論文作者卻不這樣表述，而是說，某年某人做過本題沒有做成，某年某人又做過本題仍沒有做成，現在我做成了。這就不是實事求是的態度。這樣有時可以糊弄一些不明真相的外行人，但只需內行人一戳，紙老虎就破，結果弄巧成拙，喪失信譽。這種現象在現實生活中還是不少見的。(九)論文——致謝 論文的指導者、技術協助者、提供特殊試劑或器材者、經費資助者和提出過重要建議者都屬於致謝對象。論文致謝應該是真誠的、實在的，不要庸俗化。不要泛泛地致謝、不要只謝教授不謝旁人。寫論文致謝前應徵得被致謝者的同意，不能拉大旗作虎皮。(十)論文——摘要或提要：以200字左右簡要地概括論文全文。常放篇首。論文摘要需精心撰寫，有吸引力。要讓讀者看了論文摘要就像看到了論文的縮影，或者看了論文摘要就想繼續看論文的有關部分。此外，還應給出幾個關鍵詞，關鍵詞應寫出真正關鍵的學術詞彙，不要硬湊一般性用詞。
Luqiao civil engineering specialty paper writing format, processes and writing skills, and whoever is for general discussion of the scientific and technological content, are called scientific works, such as original memoirs (paper), presentation, comprehensive report, progress report and literature review, commentary, monographs, assembly, textbooks and scientific literature, etc. But only the original works and presentation is original, major, first, involves the invention of intellectual property, etc. Other certainly also is very important, but are processing, development, application for specific purposes and object. Below is the only write papers about some experience. In the discussion paper writing isn't going to talk about the manuscript writing various regulations and rules. The writing is mainly about the problems occurred in writing and experience, is the content of moral and writing rules. According to the requirements of essay writing papers below the narrative structure sequence. (a) papers - subject, have scientific papers cannot "poems". Paper topic generally 20 words. Topic and content, size should as far as possible, do not set subtitle 1, 2 newspaper. With ZhiXu dissertation5 topic, no doubt, also cannot mark or scientific papers written advertisement or news topic. (2) papers - signature scientific papers should name and real work (unit. Main responsibility, belonging to reflect and to facilitate follow-up study later. Strictly thesis refers to the subject, demonstration, literature, design, build, test methods, material, operation, summarizes the whole written, should be responsible for the relevant problems can answer papers. Now people tend to work on all, it should contribute to the order. Papers should get signed consent. According to the actual situation of academic guiding people can be classified as the authors, also can generally. Administrative leaders generally don't sign. (3) papers - introction is fascinating, is very important to write well. A DuanHaoDe paper quotes can often make readers understand your job development and research direction in this position. To write papers LiTi basis, foundation, background, research objective. To review the necessary documents, indicate the problem. Simple words. (4) papers - materials and methods according to the regulations, write experiment object facts, animal and reagents and specifications, experimental method, the index, criterion, etc, the design of experiments, grouping and statistics methods. According to these regulations for paper submitted to the journal. (5) papers - experimental results should be highly inctive logical analysis, and elaborate display. Should the true and false, discards the dross and selects the essential, but not because they do not meet their intentions and subjective choice, more can't cheat. Not only in technology or instrument data from the period of instability in technology, fault or error data and doesn't accord with the experimental data from the condition can be abandoned. But must problems have been found in the original records then indicate the reasons, not in the treatment of normal and any disagreement. These data should be abandoned in the same condition, the same period of experimental data, not only with abandoned their not abandoned. Experimental results on track4 arrangement should, graceful, some data not suitable for this paper, can save it, don't do a piece to hard in the papers. Papers should be adopted professional term style. Use the table with graph, can not do the best don't use charts and avoid many pages of charts, increase typesetting difficulties. Wen, tables, graphs mutually repetition. The experiment by accident and special cases such as changes necessary, don't throw them away. (6) is discussed in the paper, paper, and also more important part of writing is difficult. With everything taken into consideration, seize the major should be controversial issues, from perceptual knowledge to rational understanding. To make an analysis of the experimental results, the reasoning, and do not repeat narrative experimental results. Should focus on the related literature at home and abroad to discuss with the result that his own opinions, especially should not avoid the opposite view. The paper discussed hypothesis can, in the development of ontology, but should be proper, can proper written "science" or "imagination". (7) papers, endnotes or conclusions should write clearly the conclusion of the paper reliable results, the conclusions. Write conclusive The paper should be concise, can literally text. Do not use "summary" ambiguous word. (8) papers - this is offering reference righteousness is an important papers, and existing problems of more. The paper lists reference purpose is to let the reader know the ins and outs of research propositions for search, also respect the previous work, for his work is accurate positioning. So here are both technical problems, and scientific moral problems. An essay in almost all necessary throughout the reference. This introction should be led to ontology is the most important and directly relevant literature, In the method should be adopted in the owner or reference method, Sometimes in the literature of the owner to comparative data, In discussions with the relevant papers should be led all kinds of support or conflicting results or views. All carelessness, don't check literature, Intentionally don't lead, itself, innovation, To tease others overinflate, The trivial, posturings practices are wrong. This phenomenon is now in many papers or see somewhat, it should be considered as the big fear the research workers. Among them, don't find missing important documents and literature, intentionally don't lead others denouncing others work or documents such mistakes is more apparent, easy to find. Some methods are compared, such as the lead concealed in the introction, it led to the discussion. It was originally you be the basis for an essay or put your papers, and the position of the second-best. And as research work is graally deep development, your work is always in the previous work on the foundation of the development. The correct method, this should be made to the subject, what this person in this basis and made what results in them, now I completed this based on a research. This is the realistic manner, this statement harming your contribution. Some of the papers, authors did not say so, but this did not make someone this term, and done ontology is someone without, I now. It is not realistic manner. So sometimes can deceive some unknown, but just outside the truth is a paper tiger chuo, professional, the reputation. Outsmart oneself, This kind of phenomenon in real life or not. (9) papers - thanks to the thesis guides, and provide special agents or equipment, sponsors and raised funds thanks all belong to an important proponent. Papers should be sincere thanks, true of, don't vulgar. Don't thank broadly, not only professor xie xie others don't. Thanks for essay before the agreed to be thanked LaDaQi, cannot ZuoHuPi. (10) -- the papers in 200 words or abstract: briefly summarized about full papers. Always put this paper. The paper should carefully compose and attractive. Let the reader looked like see the epitome of the paper, or see the paper will continue to see the relevant papers. In addition, still should give a few words, keywords should write the real key to academic vocabulary, don't YingCou general terms.
⑤ 橋梁工程畢業設計英語翻譯（瀏陽河大橋-連續梁橋方案）（三）
例如，簡支梁橋圖。 9月2日（一）可
所代表的集中質量
第53頁
模型圖。 2.9 （ b ）項。所有結構有一些固有頻率時，他們往往
震動。如果大橋圖。 2.9很高興，風，也就是說，它可能震動以下
頻率所示，圖。 2月10日。形狀的結構振動是在這樣的
被稱為模式形狀。
最簡單形式的動態分析，源的勵磁橋不是
認為，只有自然頻率和振型決心。如果可以
結果表明，自然頻率的橋梁不能接近的頻率的所有預期
來源激勵，可能是沒有必要進一步動態分析。常見形式
激勵卡車振動，風，慢跑或散步的行人。即使
頻率不緊密，往往會是如此的公路橋興奮交通，
突然載荷產生顯著更多的壓力比靜態應用之一。
然而，等效靜荷載中指定的實務守則考慮到這一
現象，並納入動態放大因子。可以動態放大
定義為比率的實際應力，由於相應的靜態負荷。
如果激勵頻率接近一個自然頻率的橋梁，進一步
分析必須確定動態擴增什麼是所謂的'強迫
振動分析。在這樣的分析，互動
圖。 2.9 Idealisation梁的動態分析： （一）原梁; （二）集中質量模型
圖。 2月10日模態的簡支梁： （一）典型的第一振型; （二）典型的第二
模式形成
第54頁
適用於裝載和橋梁考慮。在道路交通，應用
裝貨的卡車或貨車相當大，振動自己的輪胎和懸掛。
此外，卡車正在做的位置，他們的人民群眾是隨時間變化。
這種分析是目前唯一可能與專業的計算機程序，
把復雜的卡車搖晃，彈跳運動和變化
卡車動態特性可預期的典型交通。
在第2.5節，設計的影響，車輛碰撞橋梁進行了討論。為了
這種情況下，該草案規定了相當於歐洲規范靜力。作為一種替代辦法，代碼
可進行動態分析。在這種情況下，相當於武力
假定以增加從零到其全部價值在很短的時間內（以
毫秒） ，並保持恆定值為進一步短的時間內（該命令的200毫秒） 。
這種載入中可以很容易地指明了一個計算機模型和最大分布
強調確定。
⑥ 跪求道路設計方面的英文文獻+翻譯。沒有翻譯也可以。大概3000字左右
每個大學都是購買了電子文獻的，你要不是不用了話就虧了！現在告訴版你怎麼找文獻：登權陸你們學校圖書館網站（必須是你們學校的校園網），找到「外文文獻」（可能各學校名字不一樣，大概就這個意思），點擊進入，裡面可能會有很多電子圖書期刊的索引，你找道路方面的就可以，或有的是適合全校各學院的，網站上一般有說明，然後點擊進入，之後就想用網路一樣了，輸入你的關鍵字、題目或作者，就可以找到很多這方面的文獻了！說的不是很清楚，你自己摸索下吧，很簡單的！其實一般大學入學的時候應該會有一個圖書館的培訓的！ 碼字很累，謝謝採納。
⑦ 想要路橋畢業設計英文翻譯或者是二建音頻教材的可以聯系我，留下郵箱抽空給你們發過去。。。
現在路橋也用英語了 接軌了