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公路工程畢業設計外文翻譯

發布時間: 2021-03-18 01:14:50

A. 急求土木工程道路方向的畢業設計外文翻譯,最好有中文譯文。

這是當年畢業時我的翻譯,因為原文有圖表等原文也超過10000字,沒法在這里發,如需要原文(pdf版及word版)及全部翻譯(5000字,中文),請留下郵箱。

摘要部分的翻譯:

各種斷面形狀鋼管混凝土的單軸應力應變關系
K.A.S. Susantha , Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami*

土木工程學院,名古屋大學, Chikusa-ku ,名古屋 464-8603, 日本
收訖於2000年5月31日 ; 正式校定於2000年12月19日; 被認可於2001年2月14日
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摘要
一種預測受三軸壓應力混凝土的完全應力-應變曲線的方法被提出,這種三軸壓應力是由環形、箱形和八角形的鋼管混凝土中的限製作用導致的軸向荷載加測向壓力所產生的。有效的經驗公式被用來確定施加於環形鋼管混凝土柱內混凝土的側向壓力。FEM(有限元)分析法和混凝土-鋼箍交互作用模型已被用來估計施加於箱形和八角形柱的混凝土側向壓力。接著,進行了廣泛的參數研究,旨在提出一個經驗公式,確定不同的筒材料和結構特性下的最大平均側向壓力。如此計算出的側向壓力通過一個著名經驗公式確定出側向受限混凝土強度。對於高峰之後的應力-應變關系的確定,使用了有效的試驗結果。基於這些測試結果,和近似表達式來推算下降段的斜度和各種斷面形狀的筒內側向受限混凝土在確認的混凝土強度下的應變。推算出的混凝土強度和後峰值性能在允許的界限內與測試結果吻合得非常好。所提出的模型可用於包括樑柱構件在內的纖維分析,以確定抗震結構設計中混凝土填充鋼柱筒的極限狀態的推算標准。 •版權所有2001 Elsevier科學技術有限公司。
關鍵詞: 鋼管混凝土;限制;混凝土強度;延性;應力應變關系;纖維分析

Uniaxial stress–strain relationship of concrete confined by various shaped steel tubes

K.A.S. Susantha, Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami *

Department of Civil Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
Received 31 May 2000; received in revised form 19 December 2000; accepted 14 February 2001

Abstract
A method is presented to predict the complete stress–strain curve of concrete subjected to triaxial compressive stresses caused by axial load plus lateral pressure e to the confinement action in circular, box and octagonal shaped concrete-filled steel tubes. Available empirical formulas are adopted to determine the lateral pressure exerted on concrete in circular concrete-filled steel columns. To evaluate the lateral pressure exerted on the concrete in box and octagonal shaped columns, FEM analysis is adopted with the help of a concrete–steel interaction model. Subsequently, an extensive parametric study is concted to propose an empirical
equation for the maximum average lateral pressure, which depends on the material and geometric properties of the columns. Lateral pressure so calculated is correlated to confined concrete strength through a well known empirical formula. For determination of the post-peak stress–strain relation, available experimental results are used. Based on the test results, approximated expressions to predict the slope of the descending branch and the strain at sustained concrete strength are derived for the confined concrete in columns having each type of sectional shapes. The predicted concrete strength and post-peak behavior are found to exhibit good
agreement with the test results within the accepted limits. The proposed model is intended to be used in fiber analysis involving beam–column elements in order to establish an ultimate state prediction criterion for concrete-filled steel columns designed as earthquake resisting structures. •2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Concrete-filled tubes; Confinement; Concrete strength; Ductility; Stress–strain relation; Fiber analysis

1. Introction

Concrete-filled steel tubes (CFT) are becoming increasingly popular in recent decades e to their excellent earthquake resisting characteristics such as high ctility and improved strength. As a result, numerous experimental investigations have been carried out in recent years to examine the overall performance of CFT columns [1–11]. Although the behavior of CFT columns has been extensively examined, the concrete core confinement is not yet well understood. Many of the previous research works have been mainly focused on investigating the performance of CFT columns with various limitations. The main variables subjected to such limitations were the concrete strength, plate width-to- thickness (or radius-to-thickness) ratios and shapes of the sections. Steel strength, column slenderness ratio and rate of loading were also additionally considered. It is understandable that examination of the effects of all the above factors on performances of CFTs in a wider range, exclusively on experimental manner, is difficult and costly. This can be overcome by following a suitable numerical theoretical approach which is capable of handling many experimentally unmanageable situations. At present, finite element analysis (FEM) is considered as the most powerful and accurate tool to simulate the actual behavior of structures. The accurate constitutive relationships for materials are essential for reliable results when such analysis proceres are involved. For example, CFT behavior may well be investigated through a suitable FEM analysis procere, provided that appropriate steel and concrete material models are available. One of the simplest yet powerful techniques for the examination of CFTs is fiber analysis. In this procere the cross section is discretized into many small regions where a uniaxial constitutive relationship of either concrete or steel is assigned. This type of analysis can be employed to predict the load–displacement relationships of CFT columns designed as earthquake resisting structures. The accuracy involved with the fiber analysis is found to be quite satisfactory with respect to the practical design purposes.

At present, an accurate stress–strain relationship for steel, which is readily applicable in the fiber analysis, is currently available [12]. However, in the case of concrete, only a few models that are suited for such analysis can be found [3,8,9]. Among them, in Tomii and Sakino』s model [3], which is applicable to square shaped columns, the strength improvement e to confinement has been neglected. Tang et al. [8] developed a model for circular tubes by taking into account the effect of geometry and material properties on strength enhancement as well as the post-peak behavior. Watanabe et al. [9] concted model tests to determine a stress–strain relationship for confined concrete and subsequently proposed a method to analyze the ultimate behavior of concrete-filled box columns considering local buckling of component plates and initial imperfections. Among the other recent investigations, the work done by Schneider [10] investigated the effect of steel tube shape and wall thickness on the ultimate strength of the composite columns. El-Tawil and Deierlein [11] reviewed and evaluated the concrete encased composite design provisions of the American Concrete Institute Code (ACI 318) [13], the AISC-LRFD Specifications [14] and the AISC Seismic Provisions [15], based on fiber section analyses considering the inelastic behavior of steel and concrete.

In this study, an analytical approach based on the existing experimental results is attempted to determine a complete uniaxial stress–strain law for confined concrete in relatively thick-walled CFT columns. The primary objective of the proposed stress–strain model is its application in fiber analysis to investigate the inelastic behavior of CFT columns in compression or combined compression and bending. Such analyses are useful in establishing rational strength and ctility prediction proceres of seismic resisting structures. Three types of sectional shapes such as circular, box and octagonal are considered. A concrete–steel interaction model is employed to estimate the lateral pressure on concrete. Then, the maximum lateral pressure is correlated to the strength of confined concrete through an empirical formula. A method based on the results of fiber analysis using assumed concrete models is adopted to calibrate the post-peak behavior of the proposed model. Finally, the complete axial load–average axial strain curves obtained through the fiber analysis using the newly proposed material model are compared with the test results. It should be noted that a similar type of interaction model as used in this study has been adopted by Nishiyama et al. [16], which has been combined with a so called peak load condition line in order to determine the maximum lateral pressure on reinforced concrete columns.

Meanwhile, previous researches [17,18] indicate that the stress–strain relationship of concrete under compressive load histories proces an envelope curve identical to the stress–strain curve obtained under monotonic loading. Therefore, in further studies, the proposed confined uniaxial stress–strain law can be extended to a cyclic stress–strain relationship of confined concrete by including a suitable unloading/reloading stress–strain rule.

B. 求道路方面的畢業論文的外文翻譯資料!

物流一詞源於英文的」logistics」,原意是軍事後勤保障,在第二方世界大戰以後被廣泛地應用於經濟領域。美國物流管理協會對物流的定義為」物流是為滿足消費者需求而進行的對原材料、中間產品、最終產品及相關信息從起始地到消費地的有效流動與存儲的、實施和控制的過程」。

物流由四個關鍵部分組成:實質流動、實質存儲、信息流動及管理協調。物流的主要功能是創造時間效用和空間效用,主要方式是通過倉儲克服空間距離。

第三方物流是在物流渠道中由中間商提供的服務,中間商以合同的形式在一定期限內提供需的全部或部分物流服務。第三方物流公司是一個為外部客戶管理、控制和提供物流服務作業的公司。

據統計,歐洲目前使用第三方物流服務的比例為76%,美國約為58%,且其需求仍在增長;歐洲24%和美國33%的非第三方物流服務用戶正在積極考慮使用第三方物流服務。第三方物流作為一個提高物資流通速度、節省倉儲費用和資金在途費用的有效手段,已經越來越引起人們的高度重視。

一、使用第三方物流的優越性

使用第三方物流產可以給企業帶來眾多益處,主要表現在:

1、集中主業

生產企業使用第三方物流可以使企業實現資源的優化配置,將有限的人力、財力集中於核心精力,進行重點研究,發展基本技術,開發新產品參與世界競爭,增強企業的核心競爭力。

2、節省費用

專業的第三方物流提供者利用規模生產的專業優勢和成本優勢,通過提供各環節能力的利用率實現費用節省,使企業能從分離費用結構中獲益。生產企業隨著規模的不斷擴大,對營銷服務的任何程度的深入參與,都會引起費用的大幅度增長,只有使用專業服務公司提供的公共服務,才能夠減少額外損失。根據美國田納西大學、英國EXEL公司和美國EMST&YOUNG咨詢公司共同組織的一項調查顯示:很多貨主表示,使用第三方物流使他們的物流成本平均下降了1.18%,貨物周轉期平均從7.1天縮短到3.9天,庫存降低了8.2%。

3、減少庫存

第三方物流服務提供者藉助精心策劃的物流和適時的運送手段,最大限度地減少庫存,改善了企業的現金流量,實現成本優勢。

4、提升企業形象

第三方物流服務提供與顧客是一種戰略夥伴關系,第三方物流提供者利用完備的設施和訓練有素的員工對整個供應鏈實現完全的控制,減少物流的復雜性,通過自己的網路體系幫助顧客改進服務,不僅樹立自己的品牌形象,而且使顧客在競爭中脫穎而出。

二、我國企業在使用第三方物流方面存在的問題

盡管與第三方物流公司合作有很多優勢,但是很多企業並不是將更多的物流業務外包出去,原因歸結為:

1、抵制變化

很多公司不願意通過物流外包的方式來改變現在的精力模式。尤其是一些國有企業,物
流業務外包還將意味著解僱大批員工,這對於國有企業的管理者來說意味著一個非常大的風險。

2、缺乏認識

企業對於第三方物流公司的認識程度普遍還很低,企業沒有認識到供應鏈管理在企業競爭中的巨大作用。

3、害怕失去控制

由於供應鏈的實施在提高公司競爭力方面的重要作用,很多公司寧願有一個小而全的物流部門,也不情願將這些功能交給別人,主要原因是擔心如果失去內部物流能力,會在客戶交往和其他方面過度依賴第三方物流公司。

4、物流業務外包本身有其復雜性

供應鏈物流業務通常和公司其他業務,如財務、營銷或生產集成在一起,物流業務外包本身就具有復雜性。對一些實際業務,包括運輸和倉儲的集成可能會帶來組織上、行政上和實施上的一系列問題。此外,公司內部信息系統的集成性特點,使得把物流業務交給第三方物流公司來運作變得很困難。

5、衡量物流外包的效果受諸多因素的影響

准確地衡量物流成本對信息技術和人力資源的影響比較困難。很難確定物流業務外包到底能夠給企業帶來多少潛在的成本好外。另外,各個公司業務的獨特性和公司供應鏈作業能力,通常被認為是不宜向外部公開的內部信息,很難准確地比較公司間的供應鏈作業能力。

盡管有些生產企業已經意識到利用第三方物流可以給企業帶來很多好外,但是在實際應用時往往分成幾個步驟,同時選擇數個物流服務提供商作為合作夥伴,以避免將業務交由一個物流服務提供商而帶來的依賴性。

三、我國第三方物流企業在發展中遇到的問題

一個成功的物流企業,必須具備較大的運營規模,建立有效地地區覆蓋區域,具有強大的指揮和控制中心,具備高水準的綜合技術、財務資源和經營策略。

我國第三方物流企業在發展中遇到的問題可以歸納如下:

1、運營模式問題

目前世界大型物流公司大都採取總公司與分公司體制,總部採取集權式物流運作,以業務實行垂直管理。建立現代物流企業必須有一個能力很強、指揮靈活的調控中心對整個物流業務進行控制與協調。真正的現代物流必須是一個指揮中心、一個利潤中心,企業的組織、框架、體制等形式都要與一個中心相匹配。我國的物流企業在運營模式上存在問題,國外物流企業的管理模式值得國內物流企業借鑒。

2、倉儲或運輸能力欠缺

物流的主要功能是創造時間盜用和空間效用。就目前中國的第三方物流企業而言,有些公司偏重於倉儲,運輸能力不足;另外一些公司則是運輸車輛很多而在全國沒有多少倉庫,靠租用社會倉庫來完成對客戶的承諾。

3、網路問題

我國有幾家大的物流企業擁有全車性的倉儲網路或貨運網路,但是這個網路的覆蓋區域並不是十全十美的。客戶在選擇物流合作夥伴時,很關注網路的覆蓋區域及網路網點的密度問題。有關網點的建設問題應引起物流企業的重視。

4、信息技術

世界大的物流企業都擁有」一流三網」,即訂單信息流、全球供應鏈資源網路、全球用戶資源網路和計算機信息網路。憑借先進的計算機管理技術,這些物流客戶也是高附加值產品的生產企業,國內物流企業必須在信息系統上增加投入才可以改變自己的市場定位。

集中與整合是第三方物流企業的發展趨勢。原因是:第一,大的公司有意將供應鏈的主要環節外包給盡可能少的幾家物流公司;第二,建立一個高效的全球第三方物流企業所需資本的投入日益增加;第三,許多第三方物流供應商都通過兼並和聯合的方式來擴大其服務能力。

Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate procts, final procts and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "

Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.

Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.

According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.

First, the advantages of using a third-party logistics

The use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:

1, focus on core business

Manufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new procts in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.

2, cost-saving

Professional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass proction and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.

3, rection of inventory

Third-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.

4, enhance the corporate image

Third-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, recing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.

Second, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems in

While third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:

1, resistance to change

Many companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, were
Flow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.

2, lack of awareness

For third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.

3, fear of losing control

As a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.

4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexity

Supply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or proction of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.

5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factors

Accurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.

Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence.

Third, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered

A successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.

China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:

1, operating model

At present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.

2, the lack of storage or transport capacity

The primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers.

3, network problems

There are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.

4, information technology

The world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the proction of high value-added procts business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.

Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.

可以給我分了吧? 嘿嘿

還有:http://www.wenluxuan.com/wlx/2008/12/lw_7986.html,看看是嗎!

C. 橋梁工程畢業設計外文翻譯

可以去關海土木上下載
那裡的翻譯很多。
關海土木:滿足你,沒問題
http://bbs.ghcivil.com/search.php?

D. 求畢業設計外文翻譯,路基施工技術方面,英文原文+中文翻譯,15000字左右 謝謝。

童鞋你好!
這個估計需要自己搜索了!
網上基本很難找到免費給你服務的!
我在這里給你點搜索國際上常用的外文資料庫:
----------------------------------------------------------
❶ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
❷Elsevier SDOL資料庫 IEEE/IEE(IEL)
❸EBSCOhost RSC英國皇家化學學會
❹ACM美國計算機學會 ASCE美國土木工程師學會
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中文翻譯得自己做了,實在不成就谷歌翻譯。
弄完之後,自己閱讀幾遍弄順了就成啦!
學校以及老師都不會看這個東西的!
外文翻譯不是論文的主要內容!
所以,很容易過去的!
祝你好運!

E. 求一篇道路工程中英文文獻翻譯,翻譯出來大概中文10000字左右,謝謝,畢業設計,很急!

你也太小氣了,10000字你只給別人5分啊.

F. 你好 我看到你在百度知道里 提問了 土木工程道路方向的畢業設計外文翻譯 能不能將你得到的 PDF 和翻譯 一

可以給你點建議,如果你英文不好,你可以直接去找你逛過的關於工業設計相關文章的國外網站,然後用谷歌去大致翻譯下(翻譯會不準),自己憑自己對工業設計相關知識的了解,就應該可以理解國外網站的上面內容,這樣你按照自己的理解把文章翻譯過來了,也在此同時得到了一篇外文工業設計相關的論文,一舉兩得
另外,團IDC網上有許多產品團購,便宜有口碑

G. 道橋畢業設計外文文獻!附帶作者和出處,及中文翻譯! 三篇以上,PDF格式的!謝謝

我是道橋畢業設計外文文獻!附帶作者和出處,及中文翻譯!編輯 希望能幫您.