㈠ 最近寫畢業論文，求一些有關汽車新能源發展的外文參考文獻，有翻譯好的更好，急需， 謝謝！！！！！！
外文參考文獻怎麼提供給你啊，至少留個郵箱地址吧，如果需要回復郵箱地版址即可，至於翻譯得靠你權自己了，希望能幫到你，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我從文獻資料中找也是很花時間的
㈡ 畢業論文文獻翻譯
有些詞彙很常見，但在這里是什麼意思還吃不太准，但已盡心翻譯，供參考。
已成立一些商業企業來驗證用戶的數量與人口統計屬性。這受到了需要證明「循環」的推動，尤其是當廣告出現在網站上時更是如此。大多數討論都集中在對信息的請求和個人之間的正確轉換上。由於許多請求是來自同一個個人，所以只計數請求並不是處理廣告營業額和曝光率的理想方法。我們的研究結果表明，對數據的完整性可能存在另一個威脅，那就是由自我利益方對計數的策略性操縱。完成這一操縱越便宜，信息下載計數提供得就越少。在目前互聯網沒有數據包收費和訪問速度存在巨大差異的業務模式下，這種操縱是潛在的有利可圖的。除非積極對此加以防止，否則這種能力可能會導致消費者的不信任，和本來可能對特定的網址或文件的價值很有用的指導作用的破壞。
㈢ 要寫畢業論文的外文翻譯，誰能幫我下載份純英文文獻，主要是關於汽車CAN匯流排策略分析的，我自己來翻譯
汽車匯流排概述 1．汽車匯流排技術的發展 隨著車用電氣設備越來越多，從發動機控制到傳動系統控制，從行駛、制動、轉向系統控制到安全保證系統及儀表報警系統，從電源管理到為提高舒適性而作的各種努力，使汽車電氣系統形成一個復雜的大系統。。這個方面的翻譯我可以幫你
㈣ 求一篇關於汽車發展史的英文文獻，寫大學畢業論文用，要沒人翻譯過，純英文的，至少在網上找不到翻譯，一
到wikipedia搜 history of automoblie
㈤ 畢業論文中的文獻翻譯
隧道開挖的翻譯論文 根據要求選用恰當的排列格式。
㈥ 求本科論文外文翻譯，關於「汽車交通運輸」方面的。最好是關於安全方面的。要求5000字左右
輪胎是汽車的重要部件之一，它直接與路面接觸，和汽車懸架共同來緩和汽車行駛時所受到的沖擊，汽車輪胎保證汽車有良好的乘座舒適性和行駛平順性；保證車輪和路面有良好的附著性，提高汽車的牽引性、制動性和通過性；承受著汽車的重量，輪胎在汽車上所起的重要作用越來越受到人們的重視。 很早以前輪胎是用木頭、鐵等材料製成，第一個空心輪子是1845年英國人羅伯特·湯姆遜發明的，他提出用壓縮空氣充入彈性囊，以緩和運動時的振動與沖擊。盡管當時的輪胎是用皮革和塗膠帆布製成，然而這種輪胎已經顯示出滾動阻力小的優點。根據這一原理，1888年約翰·鄧錄普製成了橡膠空心輪胎，隨後托馬斯又製造了帶有氣門開關的橡膠空心輪胎，可惜的是因為內層沒有帆布，而不能保持一定的斷面形狀和斷面寬。 1895年隨著汽車的出現，充氣輪胎得到廣泛的發展，首批汽車輪胎樣品是1895年在法國出現的，這是由平紋帆布製成的單管式輪胎，雖有胎面膠而無花紋。直到1908年至1912年間，輪胎才有了顯著的變化，即胎面膠上有了提高使用性能的花紋，從而開拓了輪胎胎面花紋的歷史，並增加了輪胎的斷面寬度，允許採用較低的內壓，以保證獲得較好的緩沖性能。 1892年英國的伯利密爾發明了簾布，1910年用於生產，這一成就除改進了輪胎質量，擴大了輪胎品種外，還使外胎具備了模製的可能性。隨著對輪胎質量要求的提高，簾布質量也得到改進，棉簾布由人造絲代替，50年代末人造絲又被強力性能更好、耐熱性能更高的尼龍、聚酯簾線所代替，而且鋼絲簾線隨著子午線輪胎的發展，具有很強的競爭力。 1904年馬特創造了炭黑補強橡膠，大規模用於補強胎面膠是在輪胎採用簾布之後，因為在這之前，帆布比胎面在輪胎使用中損壞得還要快，炭黑在膠料中的用量增長很快，30年代每100份生膠中使用的炭黑也不過20份左右，這時主要在胎面上採用炭黑，胎體不用，現在已達50份以上。胎面中摻用炭黑以前，輪胎大約只行駛6000km就磨光了，摻用炭黑後，輪胎的行駛里程很快就得到顯著的提高。現在一組貨車輪胎大約可行駛10萬km，在好的路面上，甚至可達20萬km。 1913-1926年，因發明了簾線和炭黑輪胎技術，為輪胎工業發展奠定了基礎。輪胎外緣的標准化，制汽車輪胎造工藝的逐漸完善，生產速度比以前提高了，輪胎的產量與日俱增。 隨著汽車工業的發展，輪胎技術一直不斷地改進與提高，如20年代初至30年代中期轎車胎由低壓輪胎過渡到超低壓輪胎；40年代開始輪胎逐步向寬輪輞過渡；40年代末無內胎輪胎的出現；50年代末低斷面輪胎問世等等。許多新技術的出現都莫過於1948年法國米西林公司首創的子午線結構輪胎，這種輪胎由於使用壽命和使用性能的顯著提高，特別是在行駛中可以節省燃料，而被譽為輪胎工業的革命，在這里簡略介紹一下當今發展的主要幾種輪胎特徵。 子午線輪胎：這種輪胎的特點是簾布層簾線排列的方向與輪胎的子午斷面一致(即胎冠角為零度)，由於簾線的這樣排列，使帝線的強度能得到充分利用，子午線輪胎的簾布層數一般比普通的斜線胎約可減少40—50％。簾線在圓周方向只靠橡膠來聯系。 子午線輪胎與普通斜線胎相比，具有彈性大，耐磨性好，可使輪胎使用壽命提高30—50％，滾動阻力小，可降低汽車油耗8％左右，附著性能好，緩沖性能好，承載能力大，不易穿刺等優點。缺點是：胎側易裂口，由於側面變形大，導致汽車側向穩定性差，製造技術要求及成本高。 無內胎輪胎：無內胎輪胎與一般的輪胎不同之處在於沒有內胎，空氣直接壓入外胎中，因此輪胎與輪輞間需有很好的密封。 無內胎輪胎在外觀上和結構上與有內胎輪胎近似，所不同的是無內胎輪胎內壁上附加了一層厚約2—3mm的專門用來封氣的橡膠密封層，它是用硫化的方法粘附上去的，當輪胎穿孔後，由於其本身處於壓縮狀態而緊裹著穿刺物，故能長期不漏氣，即使將穿刺物拔出，也能暫時保持胎內氣壓。 無內胎輪胎胎圈上有若幹道同心的環形槽，在胎內氣壓作用下，槽紋能可靠地使胎圈壓緊在輪輞邊緣上保證密封。安裝無內胎輪胎的輪輞是不漏氣的，它有著傾斜的底部和平勻的漆層。氣門嘴直按固定在輪輞上，其間墊以密封用的橡膠襯墊。 無內胎輪胎有氣密性好，散熱好，結構簡單，質量輕等優點。缺點是途中修理較為困難。寬斷面輪汽車輪胎胎：隨著汽車車速的提高，要求降低整車重心，改善操縱性能，這就要求提高輪胎的側向穩定性和對路面的附著性能，以確保高速狀態下的行車安全，這樣低斷面輪胎的出現就成為必然趨勢。輪胎的斷面高(H)與斷面寬(B)的比值(H／B)是代表輪胎結構特徵的重要參數，稱之為輪胎的高寬比，也有人稱之為扁平比。從上世紀20年代開始，轎車輪胎的外徑減小了25％，輪輞直徑減小了35％，輪胎和輪輞的寬度增加了將近一倍，輪胎的高寬比不斷減小，轎車達0．5，賽車達0．4，特別是寬寬的輪胎與高級轎車匹配，更為美觀大方。 汽車輪胎生產發展的歷史表明，前50年主要是解決如何提高輪胎的使用壽命問題，近年來，由於汽車製造和交通運輸部門對輪胎的要求日益苛刻，輪胎研究的重點轉到輪胎行駛性能、安全性能、舒適性能和經濟性能上來，總之，輪胎的發展總趨勢是「三化」，即子午線化、無內胎化、低斷面化。目前，轎車輪胎已實現了這「三化」，貨車輪胎正在向這個方面發展。
Car tire is one of the important parts, which contacts directly with the road, and vehicle suspension work together to ease the car driving by when the impact of car tires to ensure good ride comfort and ride comfort; to ensure the wheel and road good adhesion, to improve vehicle traction, braking and passing ability; bear the weight of the car, tire in the car on the important role played by more and more attention. Long before the tire is made of wood, iron and other materials, the first hollow wheel is the 1845 British inventor Robert Thomson, and his flexible bag filled with compressed air in order to ease the movement of the vibration and shock. Although at the time of the tire is made of canvas with leather and glue, however, have shown that tire rolling resistance benefits. According to this theory, John Dunlop in 1888 made of hollow rubber tires, and then Thomas has created a hollow with a rubber tire valve switch, a pity because there is no inner canvas, can not maintain a certain cross sectional shape and cross section width . With the emergence of motor vehicles in 1895, the development of pneumatic tires widely, the first tire sample is emerging in France in 1895, which is made by the plain canvas of single-tube tires, although no pattern tread . Until 1908 to 1912, the tires have a significant change, that is, tread on the pattern has been to improve performance, thus opening up the history of the tire tread, and increase the tire section width, allowing a lower The internal pressure in order to guarantee access to good cushioning. 1892 British invented the cord Burley Mill, 1910 for the proction, this achievement addition to improving the quality of the tire to expand the variety of tires, but also to tire with the possibility of molding. With the improvement of the quality requirements of the tire, improved quality cord, cotton cord replaced by the artificial silk, rayon late 50's strong performance has been better, higher heat resistance of nylon, polyester cord replaced, and With the radial tire steel cord of development, and highly competitive. 1904, Matt created a carbon black reinforced rubber, large-scale reinforced tread compound for use in tire cord after because before this, canvas than the damaged tread in the tire much quicker, carbon black the amount of compound growth soon, 30 years of raw rubber per 100 parts of carbon black used in 20, but also about this time mainly in the tread on the use of carbon black, matrix do not, and now has reached 50 or more. Mixed with carbon black before the tread of the tire running only about 6000km on the finish, and mixed with carbon black, the tire mileage soon be significantly improved. Now a group of truck tires can run about 100 000 km, in good roads, and even up to 200 000 km. 1913-1926, the invention of the cord and carbon black for tire technology, tire laid the foundation for instrial development. Standardization of the outer edge of the tire, tire manufacturing process of the system graally improved, proction increased faster than before, increasing the output of tires. With the development of auto instry, tire technology has been constantly improving and improving, such as 20 in the early to mid 30 tire passenger car tire by the transition to ultra low-voltage low tire; of 40 years and graally began to tire rim to the width of the transition; 40 late Tubeless The emergence of the tire; 50 low profile tires came late and so on. Many new technologies are none other than the French in 1948, Mixi Lin pioneered the radial structure of the tire, this tire life and performance as a significant increase, especially in driving can save fuel, while hailed as a revolutionary tire instry , a brief introction about the current development of the main features of several tires. Radial Tire: The tire is characterized ply tire cord arranged in the direction of the radial cross section with the same (that is, fetal crown angle of zero), such as cord arrangement, so that the strength of God line to get full use of radial tires The cord layers generally higher than normal slash tires about 40-50% can be reced. Cord in the circumferential direction to contact the rubber alone. Radial tires compared to ordinary slash tires, great elasticity, abrasion resistance, can increase 30-50% tire life, rolling resistance, it can rece vehicle fuel consumption and 8%, good adhesion, good cushioning properties, carrying capacity, the advantages of easy to puncture. Disadvantages are: sidewall easy to rip, as the side distortion, leading to poor vehicle lateral stability, manufacturing requirements and costs. Tubeless tire: tubeless tires and tire general difference is that there is no inner tube, air pressure directly into the tire, so tire and rim between the need to have a good seal. Tubeless tire in appearance and structure of the tire with a tube approximation, the difference is that tubeless tires attached to the inner walls of 2-3mm thick layer of special rubber seal used to seal gas layer, which is curing methods adhesion up, when the tire perforation, e to compression of its own in the state of Jin Guo a puncture things, so that the long term do not leak, even if the puncture object pulled out, can temporarily maintain the air pressure inside the tire. Tubeless tire on a number of Road concentric ring groove in the tire under internal pressure, grooves can be reliably pressed to bead the edge of the rim to ensure sealing. Installed tubeless tire rim is not leak, it has tilted the bottom of the peaceful absorption of paint. Valve fixed directly on the rim, ring which sealed with a rubber mat liner. Tubeless tires have good air tightness, heat a good, simple structure, light weight and so on. Is more difficult way to fix shortcomings. Wheel car tire section width: With the increase in vehicle speed, to lower vehicle center of gravity, improving handling performance, which requires to improve stability and lateral tire adhesion on the road to ensure traffic safety under high speed, The emergence of such low profile tires, has become an inevitable trend. Tire cross section (H) and section width (B) ratio (H / B) represents the tire structure, an important parameter, called the aspect ratio tire, which was also described than flat. From the last century 20's, car tires outside diameter decreased by 25%, recing the rim diameter of 35%, tires and rims, nearly doubling the width of the tire aspect ratio continuously decreased, cars up to 0. 5, racing up to 0.4, in particular The wide tires and high-level car matches the more beautiful. Car tire proction history of the development shows that the first 50 years mainly to resolve the issue of how to improve the life of the tire, in recent years, automotive and transportation sector increasingly demanding on the tires, tire to tire of the key driving performance, safety performance, comfort and economic performance up, in short, the general trend of development of the tire is "three", that is, of Meridian, tubeless, low profile technology. At present, the car tire has achieved this "c" and truck tires are to development in this area.
㈦ 誰能給一篇有關汽車方面的英語文章 用於畢業設計外文翻譯的
Cars in America(美國的汽車)
Cars in America
Cars are an important part of life
in the United States. The car made the United
States
a
nation
on wheels.
And
it helped to make the United States what it is today.
There are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United States. First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it. The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of transportation.
The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation. Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world. Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by planes. But it is too expensive to be used frequently.
The third reason is the most important one, though. The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular. Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a plane. They don't like to have to follow an exact timetable.And the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to have.
The decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for Americans. But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation. The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much gas.
美國的汽車
汽車是美國生活的重要組成部分。汽車使得美國成為輪子上的國家，它也幫助美國成為現在的樣子。
汽車在美國如此盛行有三個主要原因。首先這個國家地域遼闊，而美國人喜歡在其間來回走動。汽車提供了最舒適最便宜的交通方式。
汽車如此盛行的第二個原因是美國從未真正發展過有效廉價的公共交通這一事實。美國的長途火車從未像世界上其它地方那麼普及。如今飛機提供了空中服務的良好體系。但是飛機太貴了，不能頻繁使用。
而第三個原因是最為重要的。
美國人的獨立精神是使得汽車盛行的真正原因。
美國人不喜歡等公共汽車、火車甚至飛機。他們不喜歡必須遵循精確的時間表。汽車給予他們的自由正是美國人最想得到的。
汽油供給的減少已經給美國人帶來了巨大的問題。但答案不是發展更大型的公交體系。真正的解決方式必須是一種新型的汽車，那種不需要使用很多燃料的汽車。
Car Pollution
Each year there is an increasing number of cars on the roads as millions of new cars are proced. One out of six Americans works at making cars, driving trucks, building roads or filling up gas. Americans couldn't live without cars!
Most Americans would find it hard to imagine life without a car. However, some have realized the serious problem of air pollution caused by cars. The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to health.
One way to get rid of the polluted air is to make a car without pollution. But to build a clean car is easier said than done. Progress in this field is slow.
Another way is to replace car engines with something else. Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric cars. Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model for us.
To prevent the world from being polluted by cars, we have to make some changes in our lives. Americans, for example, have to cut down on the number of their total cars.They are encouraged to use bicycles, which are thought to help keep the air clean.
But this change does not come easily. A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses down. Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of unemployment. Although cars have led us to a better life, they have also brought us new problems.
汽車污染
上路的汽車數量逐年增長，同時，每年都會生產出幾百萬輛新車。在美國，每六個人中就有一個從事與汽車相關的工作：造車、開車、修路、加油等等。
離開汽車，美國人無法生活!
大部分美國人簡直無法想像沒有車的生活會是什麼樣子。但是一些人也已經意識到汽車造成的空氣污染已成為嚴重的問題。被污染的空氣具有毒性，並且危害健康。
解決空氣污染的方法之一就是製造無污染汽車。但是生產清潔汽車說來容易做來難。
目前，這一領域的進展十分緩慢。
另一個方法就是使用其他東西替代汽車發動機。發明家正在研製蒸汽汽車和電車。但是許多廠家認為我們可以使用的實用型汽車的誕生可能還需要幾年時間。
要想阻止全球化的汽車污染，我們需要對自己的生活方式做出適當的改變。例如，在美國，需要縮減汽車總量。鼓勵人們使用有助空氣清潔的自行車。
但這種改變不能一蹴而就。一旦汽車工廠關閉，就會有大量工人失去工作。與失業相比，空氣污染似乎就不再那麼重要了。盡管汽車為我們帶來了更加舒適的生活，同時，它也帶來了新的問題。
㈧ 畢業論文里的文獻翻譯是什麼
文獻指的是寫論文時你所參考的文章，一般有20到30個文獻。我讀英語專業，所以都是英文的。有同學讓我幫忙翻譯過摘要，也就是摘要是中英文的，你的文獻翻譯應該是將文獻寫成英文的。