㈠ 水泥英文
硅酸鹽水泥 Portland cement I,Portland cement II
普通硅酸鹽水泥 ordinary Portland cement
礦渣硅酸鹽水泥 slag Portland cement
火山灰硅酸鹽水泥 pozzolan Portland cement
粉煤灰硅酸鹽水泥 fly-ash Portland cement
復合硅酸鹽水泥 composite Portland cement
㈡ 關於水泥的中英文對照文章
International best practice values of energy consumption for cement proction
For the international best practices at each stage of proction, data were gathered from public literature sources, plants, and vendors of equipment. These data and calculations are described below.
--Raw materials and fuel preparation
Energy used in preparing the raw material consists of preblending (prehomogenization and proportioning), crushing, grinding and drying (if necessary) the raw meal which is mostly limestone. All materials are then homogenized before entering the kiln. Solid fuels input to the kiln must also be crushed, ground, and dried. Best practice for raw materials preparation is based on the use of a longitudinal preblending store with either bridge scraper or bucket wheel reclaimer or a circular preblending store with bridge scraper reclaimer for preblending (prehomogenization and proportioning) at 0.5 kWh/t raw meal, a gyratory crusher at 0.38 kWh/t raw meal, an integrated vertical roller mill system with four grinding rollers and a high-efficiency separator at 11.45 kWh/t raw meal for grinding, and a gravity (multi-outlet silo) dry system at 0.10 kWh/t raw meal for homogenization. Based on the above values, the overall best practice value for raw materials preparation is 12.05 kWh/t raw material. Ideally this value should take into account the differences in moisture content of the raw materials as well as the hardness of the limestone. Higher moisture content requires more energy for drying and harder limestone requires more crushing and grinding energy. If drying is required, best practice is to install a preheater to dry the raw materials, which decreases the efficiency of the kiln. For BEST Cement, it is assumed that pre-heating of wet raw materials is negligible and does not decrease the efficiency of the kiln.
Solid fuel preparation also depends on the moisture content of the fuel. It is assumed that only coal needs to be dried and ground and that the energy required for drying or grinding of other materials is insignificant or unnecessary. Best practice is to use the waste heat from the kiln system, for example, the clinker cooler (if available) to dry the coal. Best practice using an MPS vertical roller mill is 10-36 kWh/t anthracite, 6-12 kWh/t pit coal, 8-19 kWh/t lignite, and 7-17 kWh/t petcoke or using a bowl mill is 10-18 kWh/t proct. Based on the above, it is assumed that best practice for solid fuel preparation is 10 kWh/t proct.
--Additives preparation
In addition to clinker, some plants use additives in the final cement proct. While this reces the most energy intensive stage of proction (clinker making), as well as the carbonation process which proces additional CO2 as a proct of the reaction, some additives require additional electricity for blending and grinding (such as fly ash, slags and pozzolans) and/or additional fuel for drying (such as blast furnace and other slags).
Additional requirements from use of additives are based on the differences between blending and grinding Portland cement (5% additives) and other types of cement (up to 65% additives). Portland Cement typically requires about 55 kWh/t for clinker grinding, while fly ash cement (with 25% fly ash) typically requires 60 kWh/t and blast furnace slag cement (with 65% slag) 80 kWh/t (these are typical grinding numbers only used to determine the additional grinding energy required by additives, not best practice; for best practice refer to data below in cement grinding section). It is assumed that only fly ash, blast furnace and other slags and natural pozzolans need additional energy. Based on the data above, fly ash will require an additional 20 kWh/t of fly ash and slags will require an additional 38 kWh/t of slag. It is assumed that natural pozzolans have requirements similar to fly ash. These data are used to calculate cement grinding requirements. For additives which are dried, best practice requires 0.75 GJ/t (26 kgce/t) of additive. Generally, only blast furnace and other slags are dried. Those additives that need to be dried (the default is all slags, although the user can enter this data as well in the proction input sheet) best practice requires an additional 0.75 GJ/t (26 kgce/t) of additive.
--Kiln
Clinker proction can be split into the electricity required to run the machinery, including the fans, the kiln drive, the cooler and the transport of materials to the top of the preheater tower (「kiln preheaters」 and 「cooler system」), and the fuel needed to dry, to calcine and to clinkerize the raw materials (「precalcination」, if applicable, and the 「kiln」). Best practice for clinker making mechanical requirements is estimated to be 22.5 kWh/t clinker, while fuel use has been reported as low as 2.85 GJ/t (97.3 kgce/t) clinker.
Final grinding
Best practice for cement grinding depends on the cement being proced, measured as fineness or Blaine (cm2/g). In 1997, it was reported that the Horomill required 25 kWh/tonne of cement for 3200 Blaine and 30 kWh/tonne cement for 4000 Blaine. We make the following assumptions regarding Chinese cement types: 325 = a Blaine of less than or equal to 3200; 425 = a Blaine of approximately 3500; 525 = a Blaine of about 4000; and, 625 = a Blaine of approximately 4200. More recent estimates of Horomill energy consumption range between 16 and 19 kWh/tonne. We used best practice values for the Horomill for 3200 and 4000 Blaine and interpolated and extrapolated values based on an assumed linear distribution for 3500 and 4200 Blaine. We estimated lowest quality cement requires 16 kWh/tonne and that 3500 Blaine is 8% more than 3200 Blaine (17.3 kWh/tonne), 4000 Blaine is 20% more than 3200 Blaine (19.2 kWh/tonne), and 4200 Blaine is 24% more than 3200 Blaine (19.8 kWh/tonne). We then used these values to estimate the values of other types of cement, based on more or less grinding that would be needed for any additives. We assumed common Portland cement grinding required similar energy as pure Portland cement, that blended slag and fly ash cements were on average, 65% slag and 35% fly ash, that grinding pozzolans required similar energy as grinding slags (at a similar ratio of 65%) and that limestone cement contained 5% extra limestone with grinding requirements similar to grinding slag.
--Other proction energy uses
Some cement facilities have quarries on-site, and those generally use both trucks and conveyors to move raw materials. If applicable to the cement facility, quarrying is estimated to use about 1% of the total electricity at the facility.
Other proction energy includes power for auxiliaries and conveyors within the facility. (We have excluded packaging from our analysis). Total power use for auxiliaries is estimated to require about 10 kWh/t of clinker at a cement facility. Power use for conveyors is estimated to require about 1 to 2 kWh/t of cement. Lighting, office equipment, and other miscellaneous electricity uses are estimated to use about 1.2% of the total electricity at the facility.
國際上水泥生產能耗的最佳實踐值
各個生產過程的國際最佳實踐值是根據公開發表的各種文獻資料，以及水泥企業和設備供應商提供的數據確定的。下面來介紹這些數據及其計算過程。
--生料和燃料制備
生料制備的能耗包括生料（主要是石灰石）的預混合（預均化和配料）、破碎、粉磨和烘乾（如果需要的話）。所有物料在入窯之前都要經過充分的均化。入窯的固體燃料也要先經過破碎、粉磨和烘乾。生料制備的最佳實踐值計算依據如下：預混合採用帶橋式刮板式取料機或斗輪式取料機的縱向預均化堆場，或者帶橋式刮板式取料機的環形預均化堆場（電耗0.5kWh/t生料）；破碎採用轉子破碎機（電耗0.38kWh/t生料）；生料粉磨採用帶高效選粉機和四個輥子的立磨系統（電耗11.45kWh/t生料）；均化採用重力式（多出口筒倉）烘乾係統（電耗0.10kWh/t生料）。綜合以上能耗數值，生料制備的最佳總能耗為12.05kWh/t生料。理論上，該能耗值還應考慮生料水分和石灰石硬度的影響。水分越大則烘乾能耗越多，石灰石硬度越高則破碎和粉磨能耗越多。如果原料需要烘乾，則最佳的措施是安裝一個預熱器，雖然它會降低窯的熱效率。「BEST Cement」假設烘乾濕原料的能耗可以忽略不計，因此沒有降低窯系統的熱效率。
固體燃料制備的能耗也與燃料的水分有關。「BEST Cement」假設只有煤需要烘乾和粉磨，其他物料的烘乾和粉磨能耗可忽略不計。烘乾煤粉的最佳措施是利用窯系統（如熟料冷卻機）的廢熱做烘乾熱源。煤粉磨的最佳措施是採用MPS立磨（電耗為10-36kWh/t無煙煤，6-12kWh/t煙煤，8-19kWh/t褐煤，7-17kWh/t石油焦），或碗磨（電耗為10-18kWh/t產品）。綜合以上能耗數值，燃料制備的最佳總能耗為10kWh/t產品。
--混合材制備
除了熟料以外，一些水泥企業還在水泥終產品中添加混合材。該措施在減少熟料生產能耗以及CO2排放量的同時，需要增加混合材的混合與粉磨電耗（如粉煤灰、礦渣和火山灰）以及烘乾用的燃料消耗（如高爐礦渣和其他礦渣）。
根據硅酸鹽水泥（5％混合材）和其他類型水泥（混合材配比最高達65％）在混合和粉磨方面的差別，添加混合材會增加額外的電耗。硅酸鹽水泥的熟料粉磨電耗一般為55kWh/t，而粉煤灰水泥（含25％粉煤灰）的粉磨電耗一般為60 kWh/t，高爐礦渣水泥（含65％礦渣）的粉磨電耗一般為80 kWh/t（這些能耗數值是摻加混合材的一般能耗水平，不是最佳能耗水平；最佳能耗水平可參考下文的水泥粉磨部分）。「BEST Cement」假設只有粉煤灰、高爐礦渣、其它礦渣和天然火山灰需要額外的能耗。綜合以上能耗數值可知，粉煤灰需要的額外電耗為20 kWh/t粉煤灰，礦渣需要的額外電耗為38kWh/t礦渣。天然火山灰的額外電耗假設與粉煤灰相同。這些數據可用於計算水泥粉磨電耗。混合材烘乾熱耗的最佳水平是0.75GJ/t（26kgce/t）混合材。一般情況下，只有高爐礦渣和其他礦渣需要烘乾。那些需要烘乾的混合材（默認情況是所有礦渣，雖然用戶可以在生產信息輸入表中輸入該數據）的最佳烘乾熱耗為0.75GJ/t（26kgce/t）混合材。
窯系統
熟料生產過程的能耗可分為驅動機械設備（如風機、窯的驅動裝置、冷卻機和預熱器喂料提升機等）的電耗和烘乾物料、煅燒生料的燃料消耗。熟料生產的最佳電耗水平是22.5 kWh/t熟料，最佳燃料消耗水平可低至2.85 GJ/t（97.3kgce/t）熟料。
水泥粉磨
水泥粉磨的最佳電耗水平取決於水泥的細度或比表面積（cm2/g）。1997年，有文獻指出用筒輥磨將水泥粉磨到3200 cm2/g的電耗為25 kWh/t水泥，粉磨到4000 cm2/g的電耗為30 kWh/t水泥 。對於中國的水泥，我們做如下假設：標號為325的水泥的比表面積小於等於3200 cm2/g；標號為425的水泥的比表面積約3500 cm2/g；標號為525的水泥的比表面積約4000m2/g；標號為625的水泥的比表面積約4200 cm2/g。最新的研究認為筒輥磨的能耗范圍是16-19 kWh/t水泥。我們以用筒輥磨將水泥粉磨到比表面積為3200 cm2/g和4000 cm2/g的電耗水平作為相應細度的最佳電耗水平，並根據線性分布假設通過內插和外插計算出比表面積為3500 cm2/g和4200 cm2/g的最佳電耗水平。我們估算得出比表面積為3200 cm2/g的水泥最佳粉磨電耗為16 kWh/t水泥，比表面積為3500 cm2/g的水泥的最佳粉磨電耗要比3200 cm2/g的水泥高出8％（17.3 kWh/t水泥），4000 cm2/g的水泥的最佳粉磨電耗比3200 cm2/g的水泥高20％（19.2 kWh/t水泥），4200 cm2/g的水泥的最佳粉磨電耗比3200 cm2/g的水泥高24％（19.8 kWh/t水泥）。我們用這些值又估算了其他類型水泥的最佳粉磨電耗，估算過程中考慮了混合材的粉磨電耗。我們假設普通硅酸鹽水泥的粉磨能耗與硅酸鹽水泥相當，礦渣水泥的礦渣含量平均為65％，粉煤灰水泥的粉煤灰含量平均為35％，火山灰的粉磨能耗與礦渣的粉磨能耗相當（摻加量都是65％），並假設含5％額外石灰石的石灰石水泥的粉磨能耗與礦渣粉磨能耗相當。
--其他生產能耗
一些水泥企業就建在礦山旁，它們一般採用卡車或皮帶來運送原料。如果是這樣，則礦山開採的能耗約佔全廠總能耗的1％。
其他生產能耗還包括廠區內所有輔助設備和輸送設備的動力消耗（我們已經將水泥包裝過程的能耗排除在外）。一個水泥企業輔助設備的總能耗約為10kWh/t熟料。所有輸送設備的總能耗約為1－2kWh/t水泥。照明、辦公設備和其他各種各樣的電耗約為全廠總電耗的1.2％。
㈢ 求英文合同的範本或者實例
Project Contract
Party A: People』s Government of Zibo City, Shandong Province (hereinafter, Party A for short)
Party B: KOHLER CO. (hereinafter, Party B for short)
Under the principle of equality, mutual benefit and common development, and by friendly consultations, Party A agrees that Party B to make investment and construction for the project in the territory under Party A』s control. For the related matters, the two sides reach the following agreements:
First, responsibility and obligation of Party A
1. To provide area of not less than 1,200 Mu of land, among which 700 Mu for the first-stage construction, 500 Mu will be reserved for the second-stage construction (subject to the data mapped by Bureau of Land and Resources).
2. To guarantee the validity of the provided land and the land properties are in line with the state laws and policy requirements. To guarantee the land proceres are complete.
3. To confirm that the relationship between the placement of land and the surrounding villagers has been resolved. To pledge to help adjust the various relationships appeared in the process of the construction and operation for the project.
4. To remove and clean the related factories and fixtures on the target land in time.
5. To be responsible for assisting Party B for site selection and related proceres required by the Planning Commission, the Construction Committee, Environmental Protection, Land, Instry and Commerce, Taxation and other relevant proceres involved in the project.
Second, responsibility and obligation of Party B
1. To invest for the 2.5 million sets/ year of new high-grade sanitary ware project in the Economic and Technological Development Zone, Huantai County of Party A, with a total investment of 96 million US dollars for the first period investment.
2. To acquire land needed for the project by the way of inviting public bidding, public sale or listing.
3. To guarantee that the project agrees with corresponding national policies of the category of encouragement project in the Catalogue of Foreign Investment Instry Guidance.
4. To provide the feasibility study report and related materials to Party A so that Party A can assist to deal with the various proceres.
5. To handle business registration and tax registration proceres in the territory under Party A』s control.
Third, for the issues not referred, the two sides will resolve them through consultations.
Forth, four copies for this agreement. Both parties should sign two copies, and each party should retain two copies. The agreement shall enter into force upon signature.
Person in charge of Party A (signature)
Person in charge of Party B (signature)
March, 2008